Youth unemployment and murder crimes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Figures & data

Figure 2. Youth Unemployment and Murder.

Figure 1. A.Distribution of murder cases, b Distribution of murder cases.

Figure 1. (Continued).

Table 1. Variable Description

Variable	Measurement	Data Source
Murder	Murder cases per 100,000 inhabitants	Quantec
Lower youth unemployment	Percentage of unemployment (15–24 years)	Quantec
Gross domestic product	Gross domestic product (2010 = 100)	Quantec
Racial composition	The share of black residents on total population	Quantec
Gender composition	The share of male residents on total population	Quantec
Policing	Expenditure on police services	Quantec
Housing	Number of households owning a brick house	Quantec
Electricity access	Number of households with access to electricity	Quantec

Table 2. Summary Statistics

Variables	N	mean	s.d	min	max
Youth unemployment	600	57,13	13,92	23,30	88,76
Murder	600	50,47	41.16	1.145	282.1
Loggdp	600	3.315	0.422	2.404	4.572
logpolice	600	6.515	0.195	6.167	6.768
Racial composition	600	94.27	7.162	71.79	99.86
Gender composition	600	46.65	2.066	42.22	54.87
Housing	600	50,47	16,08	16,96	83,56
Electricity access	600	60,783	18,72	10,08	93,64

Table 3. Dispersion of Murder

Mean	Variance	Skewness	Kurtosis
50,47	1694,202	2.842	14.002

Table 4. First Stage FE regression results (LW Procedure)

VARIABLES	MODEL (1)	MODEL (2)	MODEL (3)
inst1	0.00302
	(0.0239)
inst2	−0.00495	−0.00388
	(0.0258)	(0.0244)
inst3	−2.809***	−2.798***	−2.740***
	(1.040)	(1.035)	(0.968)
logGDP	−0.113***	−0.116***	−0.123***
	(0.010)	(0.002)	(0.004)
logPolice	−0.960**	−0.955**	−0.929**
	(0.413)	(0.410)	(0.376)
Racial composition	0.0302***	0.0302***	0.0303***
	(0.00569)	(0.00568)	(0.00564)
Gender composition	−0.0435***	−0.0435***	−0.0435***
	(0.00556)	(0.00555)	(0.00554)
Electricity access	0.00222***	0.00222***	0.00223***
	(0.000794)	(0.000793)	(0.000790)
House ownership	0.00304***	0.00305***	0.00302***
	(0.00105)	(0.00105)	(0.00103)
Constant	−21.86***	−21.77***	−21.38***
	(7.276)	(7.239)	(6.812)
Observations	600	600	600
R-squared	0.384	0.384	0.384
Number of id	50	50	50
Entity dummies	yes	yes	yes
Period dummies	yes	yes	yes

Standard errors in parentheses

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1

Table 5. Youth Unemployment and Murder

	(1)	(2)	(3)
VARIABLES	FE_P	FE_P_LWP	FE_NB
Youth unemployment	0.510***	0.510*	0.459**
	(0.191)	(0.278)	(0.214)
logGDP	1.957***	0.951	−0.588
	(0.580)	(1.293)	(0.475)
logPolice	−0.738***	−0.337	−0.0403
	(0.161)	(0.326)	(0.159)
Racial composition	0.0315	0.103	0.0146
	(0.0253)	(0.0792)	(0.0244)
Gender composition	0.0270	0.120	0.0504*
	(0.0253)	(0.0889)	(0.0290)
Electricity access	0.00565*	0.00231	0.00426
	(0.00332)	(0.00657)	(0.00373)
House ownership	−0.0135***	−0.0166*	−0.0163***
	(0.00447)	(0.00890)	(0.00513)
u_fe		−3.967
		(3.443)
Constant			9.345***
			(3.009)
Observations	600	600	600
Number of id	50	50	50
Entity dummies	yes	yes	yes
Period dummies	no	no	no

Standard errors in parentheses

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1