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GENERAL & APPLIED ECONOMICS

On the relation between government expenditure and revenue in South Africa: An empirical investigation in a nonlinear framework

| (Reviewing editor)
Article: 1803523 | Received 07 May 2020, Accepted 26 Jul 2020, Published online: 17 Aug 2020

Figures & data

Figure 1. Variables in their levels

Figure 1. Variables in their levels

Figure 2. Variables in their first difference

Figure 2. Variables in their first difference

Table 1. Stationary test results

Table 2. Cointegration test results

Figure 3. SVAR variance decomposition.

Figure 3. SVAR variance decomposition.

Table 3. Linear granger causality test results

Figure 4. Local linear autoregressive plot of expenditure.

Figure 4. Local linear autoregressive plot of expenditure.

Figure 5. RMSE of local linear fit of expenditure.

Figure 5. RMSE of local linear fit of expenditure.

Figure 6. Local linear autoregressive plot of revenue.

Figure 6. Local linear autoregressive plot of revenue.

Figure 7. RMSE of local linear fit of revenue.

Figure 7. RMSE of local linear fit of revenue.

Table 4. BDS nonlinearity test

Table 5. Mcleod–Li test nonlinearity test

Table 6. Noninear Granger causality test results

Figure 8. Threshold value results of the grid search procedure.

Figure 8. Threshold value results of the grid search procedure.

Table 8. TVAR results test

Figure 9. Hansen and Seo co-integration plot.

Figure 9. Hansen and Seo co-integration plot.

Table 9. Hansen and Seo threshold co-integration

Table 10. TVECM results test

Figure 10. Smoothened probabilities for government expenditure.

Figure 10. Smoothened probabilities for government expenditure.

Figure 11. Smoothened probabilities for government expenditure.

Figure 11. Smoothened probabilities for government expenditure.

Table 11. Markov switching probabilities