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GENERAL & APPLIED ECONOMICS

Convergence in military expenditure and economic growth in Africa and its regional economic communities: evidence from a club clustering algorithm

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon | (Reviewing editor)
Article: 1832344 | Received 20 Feb 2020, Accepted 30 Sep 2020, Published online: 19 Oct 2020

Figures & data

Table 2. Military expenditure results

Table 3. Final club convergence results (club merging) for military expenditure

Figure 1. Military Expenditure Transitional Curves for club 1

Figure 1. Military Expenditure Transitional Curves for club 1

Figure 2. Military Expenditure Transitional Curves for club 2

Figure 2. Military Expenditure Transitional Curves for club 2

Table 4. Economic growth results

Table 5. Club convergence results (club merging) for economic growth

Figure 3. Growth Transitional Curves for club 1

Figure 3. Growth Transitional Curves for club 1

Figure 4. Growth Transitional Curves for club 2

Figure 4. Growth Transitional Curves for club 2

Figure 5. Growth Transitional Curves for club 3

Figure 5. Growth Transitional Curves for club 3

Figure 6. Growth Transitional Curves for club 4

Figure 6. Growth Transitional Curves for club 4

Table 6. Military expenditure and economic growth convergence results for AMU

Figure 7. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for AMU

Figure 7. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for AMU

Figure 8. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for AMU

Figure 8. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for AMU

Table 7. Military expenditure and economic growth convergence results for CEN-SAD

Figure 9. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for CEN-SAD

Figure 9. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for CEN-SAD

Figure 10. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for CEN-SAD

Figure 10. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for CEN-SAD

Table 8. Military expenditure and economic growth convergence results for COMESA

Figure 11. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for COMESA

Figure 11. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for COMESA

Figure 12. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for COMESA

Figure 12. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for COMESA

Table 9. Military expenditure and economic growth convergence results for EAC

Figure 13. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for the EAC

Figure 13. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for the EAC

Figure 14. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for the EAC

Figure 14. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for the EAC

Table 10. Military expenditure and economic growth convergence results for ECCAS

Figure 15. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for ECCAS

Figure 15. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for ECCAS

Figure 16. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for ECCAS

Figure 16. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for ECCAS

Table 11. Military expenditure and economic growth convergence results for ECOWAS

Figure 17. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for ECOWAS

Figure 17. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for ECOWAS

Figure 18. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for ECOWAS

Figure 18. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for ECOWAS

Table 12. Military expenditure and economic growth convergence results for IGAD

Figure 19. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for IGAD

Figure 19. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for IGAD

Figure 20. Growth for Panel Transitional Curves for IGAD

Figure 20. Growth for Panel Transitional Curves for IGAD

Table 13. Military expenditure and economic growth convergence results for SADC

Figure 21. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for SADC

Figure 21. Military Expenditure Panel Transitional Curves for SADC

Figure 22. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for SADC

Figure 22. Growth Panel Transitional Curves for SADC

Table A1. List of selected African countries

Table A2. Africa’s regional economic blocks

Figure A1. Trends in Average Percentage of Real GDP Per Capita (RGDPP) in each of the eight African RECs, 1990-2015. Source: Authors’ computation with data from World Development Indicators

Figure A1. Trends in Average Percentage of Real GDP Per Capita (RGDPP) in each of the eight African RECs, 1990-2015. Source: Authors’ computation with data from World Development Indicators

Figure A2. Trends in Average Military Expenditure as a Percentage Share of GDP in each of the eight African Regional Economic Communities, 1990-2015. Source: Authors’ computation with data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

Figure A2. Trends in Average Military Expenditure as a Percentage Share of GDP in each of the eight African Regional Economic Communities, 1990-2015. Source: Authors’ computation with data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute