Impact of small scale irrigation technology on women empowerment in Amhara national regional state of Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area map

Table 1. Women empowerment in agricultural index and its sub-index in the study area

Index	Women	Men
Disempowered headcount(H)	0.790	0.680
Empowered headcount(1-H)	0.21	0.381
Average Inadequacy score(A)^8	0.390	0.335
Average Adequacy score(1-A)	0.61	0.619
Disempowerment Index(M0 = HxA)	0.3081	0.228
5DEs index (EA = 1-M0)	0.692	0.7408
%of women without gender parity(H_GPI)	48.94%
%of women with gender parity(1-H_GPI) Average	51.06%
empowerment Gap(I_GPI)	20.11%
Gender parity in Empowerment index (GPI)	0.902
WEAI = [0.9x5DE+0.1xGPI]	0.713

WEAI = women empowerment in the agricultural index; 5DE = five domains of empowerment.

Table 2. Women’s and men’s disempowerment decomposed by domains and indicators

Statistics	Production		Resource			Income	Leadership		Time
	Input in productive Resource	Autonomy in production	Ownership of asset	Purchase, sale& transfer of asset	Access to & decision on credit	Control over the use of income	Group membership	Speaking in public	Workload	leisure
Indicator weight	0.1	0.1	0.0667	0.0667	0.0667	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Women
Censored head count	0.139	0.03465	0.0693	0.0796	0.3663	0.7129	0.0743	0.2723	0.243	0.535
%contribution	4.52	1.13	1.51	1.72	7.97	46.50	2.42%	8.88	7.91	17.44
Contribution	0.0421	0.0128	0.0140	0.0160	0.0806	0.4785	0.0212	0.0848	0.076	0.174
%cont. by dimension	5.65		11.2			46.50	11.3		25.35
Men
Censored head count	0.1040	0.0149	0.0050	0.0149	0.2871	0.5545	0.0644	0.1139	0.40	0.272
%contribution	4.55	0.65	0.15	0.44	8.38	48.56	2.83	5.00	17.5	11.92
Contribution	0.0433	0.0052	0.0009	0.0032	0.0868	0.5089	0.0199	0.0421	0.17	0.113
%cont. by dimension	5.2		8.97			48.56	7.83		29.44

Figure 2. Contribution of domains to the disempowerment of women and men in the study area

Figure 3. Contributions of indicators for disempowerment of men and women. Sources: survey data

Table 3. Logistic regression result for propensity score estimation

Variables	Coefficients	MEF(dy/dx)	Standard error	Z-value
_Constant	−6.88	1.223		−5.62***
Sex^+	1.745	0.421	0.1248	3.29***
Age_h	0.003	−0.006	0.0032	−0.18
Educy_head	0.25	0.056	0.0145	3.86***
Add_hh	0.504	0.113	0.0381	2.97***
Land_size	0.792	0.178	0.0467	3.13***
Ext_service	−0.001	−0.0003	0.0046	−0.32
Mkt_distance	0.080	0.018	0.00832	2.16**
Credit_acces^+	2.568	0.423	0.599	7.07***
The number of obs.	= 201
LRchi^2(2)	= 70.72
Prob>chi^2	= 0.0000
Pseudo R^2	= 0.2625
Log likelihood	= −99.327028

+ indicates dy/dx is for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1; and ***, **, and * indicates significant at 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels, respectively.

Table 4. Distribution of estimated propensity scores

Groups	Obs.	Mean	Sta.dev.	Min	Max	Off support
All sample	201	0.393	0.273	0.0049739	0.9713063	55
Adopter	79	0.581589	0.2488892	0 .0688023	0.960054	20
Non-adopter	122	0.2709383	0.2128262	0.0049739	0.9713063	35

Table 5. Impacts of small-scale irrigation technology adoption on households

Outcome variables	Treated	Controls	Difference	S.E^B	T-value
WEAI	0.668	0.787	−0.12	0.0452	−3.00

^BStandards for bootstrapped error which is obtained after 100 replication

Table

Domain	Indicator	Weight
Production	Input in production decision	1/10
	Autonomy in production	1/10
Resource	Ownership of assets	1/15
	Purchase, sale, or transfer of assets	1/15
	Access to and decisions on credit	1/15
Income	Control over the use of income	1/5
Leadership	Group member	1/10
	Speaking in public	1/10
Time	Workload	1/10
	Leisure	1/10

Source:(Alkire et al., 2013)

Alkire, S., Meinzen-Dick, R., Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., Seymour, G., & Vaz, A. (2013). The women’s empowerment in agriculture index. World Development, 52(1), 71–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.06.007

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