CARBON EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AFRICA: ARE THEY RELATED?

Figures & data

Table 1. Panel results

Panel A: Unit root	IPS			Breitung t-test
	lGDP	lECONS	LCO2	lGDP	lECONS	LCO2
LIC	−8.10 **	−5.91***	−6.33***	−9.29***	−5.047***	−2.10**
MLIC	−5.88***	−5.76***	−5.88***	−5.01***	−1.74**	−5.01***
MUIC	−5.73***	−6.42***	−4.88***	−2.42***	−4.57***	−1.03
Panel B:Pasaran CADF Unit root test
	Level			First Difference
	LGDP	lCO2	LECONS	D(LGDP)	D(lCO2)	D(LECONS)
LIC	1.44	−1.71	−1.89	−3.55***	−3.49***	−3.55***
MLIC	−1.48	−1.45	−1.70	−3.04***	−3.28***	−3.23***
MUIC	−2.13	0.79	−1.88	−3.06***	−3.30***	−3.33***
Panel C: Pedroni cointegration	Panel PP	Panel ADF	Group PP	Group ADF
LIC	−1.85*	−1.95**	−1.81**	−2.64***
MLIC	−1.70**	−1.77**	−0.74	−0.67
MUIC	−3.87***	−4.02***	−4.03***	−3.98***

Where *, **, *** represents statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively. Low-income countries (LIC); Middle-lower income countries (MLIC), and Middle-Upper Income countries (MUIC)

Table 2. Short-run and long-run income elasticity for low-income countries

	Long-run		Short-run
COUNTRY	GDP	ECONS	D(GDP)	D(ECONS)	ECM
Panel A: Low-Income Countries
Benin	3.02 (0.91)	76.5 *** (5.42)	0.93 (0.91)	23.7**(3.02)	−0.31** (−3.13)
Burkina Faso	2.17 (1.62)	13.2 (0.46)	0.56 ** (2.82)	32.92 *** (4.22)	−0.26 ** (−2.007)
CAF	−0.041 (−0.88)	0.16*** (5.77)	−0.025 (−0.84)	−0.019 (−0.55)	−0.59 *** (−4.63)
Chad	0.83 ** (1.95)	0.44 (0.826)	0.08 (1.16)	0.043 (1.124)	−0.10 (−0.99)
DR- Congo	1.76 *** (4.73)	5.95 ***(4.93)	3.71***(3.65)	2.23 *** (4.64)	−0.37** (−3.63)
Equatorial Guinea	1.34 (0.87)	0.29 (0.22)	0.82 (1.43)	0.66** (2.61)	−0.28* (−1.72)
Ethiopia	6.53 ** (1.74)	5.05** (2.67)	0.92 ** (1.98)	0.71 ** (2.12)	−0.14 (−1.61)
Gambia	1.34 (0.87)	0.29 (0.22)	0.82 (1.43)	0.66 **(2.60)	−0.29** (−1.71)
Guinea Bissau	−0.38 (−0.89)	0.08 (1.35)	0.02 (0.53)	0.04 **(1.88)	−0.11 (−1.07)
Liberia	6.52** (1.73)	5.06 ** (2.68)	0.92 *(1.98)	−0.71** (2.12)	−0.14 (−1.61)
Madagascar	−2.34 (−0.93)	1.58** (3.17)	1.02 (1.17)	0.337 (0.16)	−0.23** (−1.87)
Malawi	0.63 (1.51)	0.57** (2.97)	0.16 (1.28)	0.32**(2.61)	−0.26 **(−2.04)
Mali	1.03 (1.22)	0.36 (0.11)	0.24 (1.16)	−0.14 (0.25)	−0.23 (−1.50)
Mozambique	−26.5 (−0.58)	5.55 (0.59)	1.39 ** (2.19)	−0.29 (−1.06)	0.05 (0.63)
Niger	2.13 **(3.11)	1.43 *** (5.74)	0.57 ** (3.21)	0.38 *** (4.82)	−0.27** (−3.32)
Rwanda	1.19 (1.05)	−0.12 (−0.24)	0.11** (3.22)	−0.01 (−0.29)	−0.09 (−0.89)
Senegal	6.47 (0.72)	4.08 (1.63)	1.44(0.64)	2.86** (2.08)	−0.22 **(−1.79)
Sierra Leon	0.70 (0.39)	−1.64 (−0.49)	0.44 ** (2.05)	0.08 (0.87)	0.06 (0.55)
Tanzania	−11.40 (−0.68)	30.8 (0.88)	−0.57 (−1.49)	1.55*** (2.83)	−0.01 (−0.73)
Togo	−0.07 (−0.17)	1.22 *** (15.8)	−0.6 (−0.17)	1.02 *** (7.14)	−0.83*** (−6.95)
Uganda	12.7 (0.85)	−0.31 (−0.07)	0.97 (0.88)	0.75** (−2.36)	−0.06 (−0.94)
Zimbabwe	8.37 (1.61)	12.8** (1.73)	2.11 (1.33)	10.7 **(3.15)	−0.25 ** (−2.12)

where: () t-statistics; *, **, *** represents P-value statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.

Table 3. Middle-lower-income countries

	Long-run Income Elasticity		Short-run Income Elasticity
	GDP	ECONS	D(GDP)	D(ECONS)	ECM
Cameroon	3.14 (1.57)	3.02 ** (2.85)	14.5 ** (2.51)	2.44 **(2.43)	−0.81***(−4.42)
Cape Verde	0.25 *** (3.68)	0.06 (1.47)	−0.34** (−3.06)	0.02 (1.14)	−0.33 ** (−3.06)
Comoros	−0.19 (0.64)	0.13 ** (2.12)	−0.03 (−0.70)	0.04*** (4.02)	−0.17 (−1.29)
Congo	−0.30 (−0.14)	4.74 **(3.60)	−0.11 (−0.14)	0.46 (0.57)	−0.37 **(−2.65)
Cote di vouire	2.96 (1.53)	3.98 **(3.49)	15.0 **(2.71)	2.77 **(2.71)	−0.69 ***(−4.59)
Egypt	82.7 (0.50)	78.95 (0.83)	183.5** (2.22)	27.5 (0.84)	−0.35 **(−2.88)
Ghana	4.21 (0.80)	7.83** (2.13)	1.03 (0.71)	−1.07 (−0.93)	−0.24** (−2.34)
Kenya	28.17 (1.00)	3.29 (1.27)	5.81 (1.03)	0.59 (0.75)	−0.18 (−1.24)
Lesotho	1.01*** (9.46)	0.07 (1.63)	0.37 **(3.24)	0.03 (1.23)	−0.36 *** (−4.07)
Mauritania	4.41 **(2.30)	−0.22**(−3.28)	2.02 ** (2.09)	0.35 (1.13)	−0.46 **(−3.28)
Mauritius	−0.27 (−0.13)	2.25 (1.61)	−0.05 (−0.14)	0.42** (2.63)	−0.19 **(−2.36)
Nigeria	41.8 (0.57)	8.43 (0.14)	56.6(1.37)	26.3 ** (1.77)	−0.17 (−1.49)
Sudan	7.60 **(3.62)	4.91***(4.48)	−4.74* (−1.84)	2.37 *** (−3.92)	−0.48***(−4.30)
Zambia	0.52 (0.16)	6.59 **(2.02)	0.09 (0.17)	2.97 *** (3.86)	−0.17 (−1.33)

Table 4. Middle-upper income countries

Botswana	12.12 (1.68)	−4.26 (−0.95)	2.68 **(2.65)	1.36 (1.62)	−0.22 ** (−1.82)
Gabon	1.47(2.26)	0.32 (0.31)	3.23** (2.29)	0.15 (0.30)	−0.47 ** (−3.37)
Libya	−16.0 (−0.54)	145 (0.80)	9.02* (1.87)	33.65 **(3.01)	−0.17 (−0.52)
Namibia	4.19 *** (7.26)	0.18 (0.60)	−2.72 (−1.07)	−4.67 (−1.67)	−1.15 *** (−5.19)
South Africa	159.2** (3.59)	291.7*** (9.65)	110** (2.53)	169.6 (1.35)	−0.69 ***(4.21)

where: () t-statistics; *, **, *** represents P-value statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.

Table 5. Panel result from income elasticity approach for low-income countries (LIC)

	PMG (D.lCO2)	MG (D.lCO2)
ECT
lgdp	2.131*** (7.12)	0.13 (0.57)
lecons	0.751*** (16.80)	0.716*** (8.98)
SR
ECT	0.294 *** (8.67	0.347*** (9.60)
lgdp	0.542*** (7.51)	−0.110* (−1.97)
D.lecons	0.396*** (5.62)	0.406*** (−0.16)
Cons	−0.292 (0.80)	−0.0597 (−0.16)
Hausman	−126.48
Pesaran (CD) Test
lCO2	51.081***
lgdp	16.979***
Lecons	52.766***

t statistics in parentheses ()

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Table 6. Panel result for middle-lower-income countries (MLIC)

	pmg (D.lCO2)	mg (D.lCO2)
ECT
lgdp	−1.98*** (−6.48)	0.542 (1.60)
lecons	0.619*** (9.00)	0.747 (3.39)
SR
ECT	0.381*** (5.62)	0.487 *** (7.98)
lgdp	−75.66*** (−5.61)	−0.287* (−2.03)
D.lecons	0.226*	0.297*** (2.72)
Cons	0.223 (0.44)	0.158 (0.13)
Hausman	−42.1
Pesarn (CD) Test
lCO2	30.282***
lgdp	22.012***
lecons	42.497***

t statistics in parentheses ()

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Table 7. Panel result for middle-upper-income countries (MUIC)

	PMG (D.lCO2)	MG (D.lCO2)
ECT
lgdp	−0.673	0.529 (1.49)
lecons	0.758*** (12.34)	0.569 (1.92)
SR
ECT	0.351** (2.61))	0.479*** (6.33)
lgdp	−0.342** (−3.22)	−0.171 (−1.79)
D.lecons	0.548* (2.40)	0.540* (2.32)
Cons	−0.536 (−0.81)	−0.539 (−0.36)
Hausman	0.40
Pesarn (CD) Test
lCO2	−1.980
lgdp	−2.134
lecons	−1.476

t statistics in parentheses ()

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001