Perception and determinants of agricultural technology adoption in North Shoa Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Definition and description of variables

Variables	Description of Variables	Expected Sign
Dependent Variable
Adoption of Agricultural Technology	1 = Adopt, 0 = Do not Adopt
Independent Variables
Household Specific Factors
Sex of the HH head	1 = Male, 0 = Female	+
Age of the HH head	Years	±
Education Status of the HH head	Years of Schooling	+
Household Size	Number	±
Farming Experience of the HH head	Years	+
Socio-Economic Factors
Farm Size	Cultivation Area in Hectare	+
Participating in Off-Farm Income	1 = Yes, 0 = No	+
Livestock Owned	Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU)	+
Institutional Factors
Membership of Social Group	1 = Member, 0 = Not Member	±
Access to Extension Service	Number of Contact per Month	+
Access to Credit	1 = Yes, 0 = No	+
Distance from the Nearest Market	Kilometers	-

Table 2. Agricultural technology adoption status across districts

Agricultural Technology	Proportion of Adopters in each District
	Angolela Tera (n = 199)	Menz Gera (n = 202)	Minijar Shenkora (n = 197)	Moretna Jiru (n = 198)	Total (n = 344)
Improved Seed	62	65	77	140	344
Chemical Fertilizer	160	77	179	127	543
Irrigation	90	0	60	34	184
Improved Seed and Chemical Fertilizer	56	58	76	120	310
Improved Seed and Irrigation	43	0	28	33	104
Chemical Fertilizer and Irrigation	76	0	49	34	159
Improved Seed Chemical Fertilizer and Irrigation	38	0	27	33	98

Source: Own Survey, 2020

Table 3. Characteristics of improved seed adoption status

Variables	Non-Adopters (n = 452)	Adopters (n = 344)	Total (n = 796)	Difference
Household-Specific Factors
Proportion of Male Farmers	89.82(0.01)	89.53(0.02)	89.70(0.02)	0.29(0.02)
Age of the HH head	42.62(0.52)	43.63(0.59)	43.06(0.39)	−1.00(0.79)
Education Status of the HH head	3.45(0.15)	4.18(0.18)	3.77(0.12)	−0.73(0.24) ***
Household Size	4.85(0.09)	5.06(0.11)	4.94(0.07)	−0.21(0.07) *
Farming Experience of the HH head	24.02(0.58)	24.67(0.66)	24.30(0.44)	−0.65(0.88)
Socio-Economic Factors
Farm Size	1.97(0.07)	1.93(0.07)	1.95(0.05)	0.04(0.10)
Participating in Off-Farm Income	57.30(0.02)	61.63(0.03)	59.17(0.04)	−0.04(0.04)
Livestock Owned	5.74(0.20)	6.84(0.23)	6.21(0.15)	−1.10(30) **
Institutional Factors
Prop. Farmers with Social Membership status	81.64(0.02)	93.02(0.01)	86.56(0.02)	−0.11(0.02) ***
Access to Extension Service	1.03(0.03)	1.01(0.04)	1.02(0.02)	0.02(0.05)
Prop. Farmers having Access to Credit	42.70(0.02)	41.57(0.03)	42.21(0.04)	0.01(0.04)
Distance from the Nearest Market	14.75(0.56)	2.31(0.17)	9.37(0.39)	12.45(0.66) ***

Source: Own Survey, 2020

Note: *, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.

Table 4. Characteristics of chemical fertilizer adoption status

Variables	Non-Adopters (n = 253)	Adopters (n = 543)	Total (n = 796)	Difference
Household-Specific Factors
Proportion of Male Farmers	88.54(0.02)	90.24(0.01)	89.70(0.02)	−0.02(0.02)
Age of the HH head	41.32(0.70)	43.86(0.47)	43.06(0.39)	−2.54(0.84) ***
Education Status of the HH head	3.76(0.22)	3.77(0.14)	3.77(0.12)	−0.01(0.25)
Household Size	4.56(0.12)	5.12(0.89)	4.94(0.07)	−0.55(0.16) ***
Farming Experience of the HH head	22.63(0.81)	25.08(0.51)	24.30(0.44)	−2.44(0.93) ***
Socio-Economic Factors
Farm Size	1.94(0.09)	1.96(0.06)	1.95(0.05)	−0.02(0.11)
Participating in Off-Farm Income	50.99(0.03)	62.98(0.02)	59.17(0.04)	−0.12(0.04) ***
Livestock Owned	4.87(0.24)	6.84(0.19)	6.21(0.15)	−1.98(0.32) ***
Institutional Factors
Prop. Farmers with Social Membership status	79.45(0.03)	89.87(0.01)	86.56(0.03)	−0.10(0.03) ***
Access to Extension Service	1.00(0.04)	1.03(0.03)	1.02(0.02)	−0.03(0.05)
Prop. Farmers having Access to Credit	35.18(0.03)	45.49(0.02)	42.21(0.04)	−0.10(0.04) ***
Distance from the Nearest Market	13.60(0.77)	7.40(0.42)	9.37(0.39)	6.20(0.81) ***

Source: Own Survey, 2020

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.

Table 5. Characteristics of irrigation adoption status

Variables	Non-Adopters (n = 612)	Adopters (n = 184)	Total (n = 796)	Difference
Household-Specific Factors
Proportion of Male Farmers	88.24(0.01)	94.57(0.02)	89.70(0.03)	−0.06(0.02) ***
Age of the HH head	43.06(0.45)	43.02(0.80)	43.06(0.39)	0.05(0.93)
Education Status of the HH head	3.80(0.14)	3.65(0.23)	3.77(0.12)	0.15(0.28)
Household Size	4.81(0.08)	5.39(0.15)	4.94(0.07)	−0.58(0.17) ***
Farming Experience of the HH head	24.55(0.51)	23.45(0.80)	24.30(0.44)	1.10(1.03)
Socio-Economic Factors
Farm Size	1.96(0.06)	1.92(0.09)	1.95(0.05)	0.05(0.12)
Participating in Off-Farm Income	52.12(0.02)	82.61(0.03)	59.17(0.04)	−0.30(0.03) ***
Livestock Owned	5.34(0.14)	9.11(0.39)	6.21(0.15)	−3.77(0.33) ***
Institutional Factors
Prop. Farmers with Social Membership status	84.97(0.01)	91.85(0.02)	86.56(0.03)	−0.07(0.02) ***
Access to Extension Service	1.05(0.03)	0.92(0.05)	1.02(0.02)	0.13(0.05) ***
Access to Credit	40.52(0.02)	47.83(0.04)	42.21(0.04)	−0.07(0.04) **
Distance from the Nearest Market	9.93(0.46)	7.51(0.70)	9.37(0.39)	2.43(0.92) ***

Source: Own Survey, 2020

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.

Table 6. Odds-ratio (OR) on determinants of adoption of agricultural technology

	Improved Seed			Chemical Fertilizer			Irrigation				Improved Seed & Chemical Fertilizer		Improved Seed & Irrigation			Chemical Fertilizer & Irrigation			Improved Seed, Chemical Fertilizer & Irrigation
	OR	SE		OR	SE		OR	SE		OR	SE		OR	SE		OR	SE		OR	SE
Household- Specific Factors
Sex of the HH head	0.883	0.261		1.029	0.274		2.044*	0.775		1.141	0.331		5.955**	4.400		1.879	0.734		5.294**	3.915
Age of the HH head	1.017***	0.016		1.009	0.015		1.005	0.017		1.012	0.016		0.995	0.021		0.998	0.017		0.996	0.021
Education Status of the HH head	1.086	0.033		1.012	0.026		0.969	0.029		1.059*	0.031		1.014	0.037		0.978	0.031		1.036	0.039
Household Size	0.972	0.052		0.969	0.047		0.968	0.055		1.005	0.052		0.966	0.068		0.968	0.057		0.961	0.069
Farming Experience of the HH head	0.998	0.014		1.006	0.013		0.974*	0.015		0.997	0.014		0.989	0.019		0.986	0.016		0.992	0.019
Socio-Economic Factors
Farm Size	0.798***	0.054		0.939	0.052		0.899	0.062		0.787***	0.054		0.832**	0.078		0.835**	0.065		0.829*	0.081
Participating in Off-Farm Income	0.949	0.185		1.251	0.215		3.232***	0.739		1.078	0.205		1.818**	0.492		2.926***	0.690		1.771**	0.489
Livestock Owned	1.062**	0.026		1.135***	0.031		1.232***	0.033		1.062**	0.025		1.147***	0.032		1.182***	0.031		1.148***	0.032
Institutional Factors
Membership of Social Group	2.267***	0.695		1.796**	0.413		1.747*	0.571		2.681***	0.854		2.794*	1.543		2.580**	0.997		2.520*	1.396
Access to Extension Service	1.110	0.165		1.178	0.153		0.764*	0.115		1.054	0.152		0.757	0.142		0.778	0.119		0.744	0.143
Access to Credit	0.911	0.174		1.436**	0.246		1.264	0.245		0.982	0.183		1.198	0.286		1.328	0.264		1.125	0.275
Distance from the Nearest Market	0.772***	0.020		0.953***	0.007		0.986	0.009		0.789***	0.020		0.873***	0.023		0.982*	0.009		0.869***	0.025
Number of Observation	796			796			796			796			796			796			796
LR chi2(12)	394.95			111.49			166.30			344.84			135.87			130.22			130.10
Prob >chi2	0.0000			0.0000			0.0000			0.0000			0.0000			0.0000			0.0000
Pseudo R-Square	0.3627			0.1120			0.1932			0.3240			0.2202			0.1636			0.2190
Log Likelihood	−346.919			−411.936			−347.224			−359.705			−240.616			−332.935			−231.928

Source: Own Survey, 2020

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5 % and 1% respectively.