Determinants of side selling behaviour in emerging sorghum supply chains in Kisumu County, Kenya

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the study area, Nyando Sub-County.

Table 1. Distribution of sample size

Vertical coordination strategic options	Population size	Proportionate	Sample size	Ahero	Kobura
Contractors	650	0.82	219	109	110
Processors	140	0.18	47	24	23
Total	790	1	266	133	133

Table 2. Variables for analysis and expected signs

Variable	Description	Measurements	Expected sign
Dependent variable
Proportion	% of the marketed surplus	Continuous
Independent variable
Farmer characteristics
Age	Age of household head in years	Continuous	-
Gender	Gender of the household head	Dummy	±
Experience	Sorghum farming experience in years	Continuous	-
Education	Formal education in years	Continuous	-
Off-farm income	Off-farm employment	Dummy	-
Farm characteristics
Farm size	Farm size of the household in acres	Continuous	-
Site distance	Distance to sorghum collection point in kms/mins	Continuous	+
Economic motivations
Better prices	Higher prices from alternative markets	Dummy	+
Payment delay	Number of days to be paid	Continuous	+
Bargaining power	Negotiations on prices and quality	Dummy	-
Credit access	Credit access	Dummy	+
Alternative markets	Easiness to access alternative markets(easy, fair or difficult)	Three categories	+
Institutional factors
Trust	Affective and cognitive trust (SD to SA)	5 likert scale	+
Technical services	Frequency in trainings per year	Continuous	-
Network externalities Neighbourhood effect	Relational networks between farmers and peers (SD to SA) Number of farmers in the radius of half a kilometre growing sorghum	5 likert scale Continuous	+ +
Type of VCSO	VCSO a farmer is involved in	Four categories	+
Enforcement level	Enforcement level of the target market (range from 0 to 100%)	Continuous	-

Table 3. Farmer and farm characteristics

Variables	N	Mean	Std. deviation
Age of house hold head (years)	274	47.83	14.418
Household size	274	3.32	1.562
Education in years	274	9.65	3.956
Sorghum farming experience (years)	274	6.22	7.090
Land size	274	5.06	4.110
Credit (amount)	55	17590.9091	7810.06646

Table 4. Categorical variables for respondents

Variable	Descriptive	Frequency	Percentage
Gender	Male	156	56.9
	Female	118	43.1
Off-farm income	No	133	48.5
	Yes	141	51.5

Table 5. Extent of side selling

Variable	Coefficient	Robust standard error
Farmer characteristics
Gender of HHH	−0.297	0.601
Age of HHH	−0.049	0.033
Years of schooling of HHH	−0.012	0.119
Years in sorghum production	0.242***	0.077
Other form of income	−1.988***	0.729
Farm characteristics
Land owned and rented	−0.101*	0.057
Distance to collection point	0.045	0.039
Economic motivations
Better prices	7.900***	1.912
Time one received payment	−0.187	0.117
Ease to get alternative markets	0.228	0.406
Credit	−1.950**	0.784
Level of bargaining	0.844***	0.284
Institutional factors
Contract implementation	−0.0263	0.017
Neighbourhood effect	−0.540*	0.322
Extension contacts in 2019	0.291***	0.093
Network externalities	1.402***	0.534
Trust	−0.831**	0.329
Constant	0.238	2.288

*, ** and *** denote 10%, 5% and 1% statistical significance levels.