Impact of Agricultural Technology Adoption on Food Consumption Expenditure: Evidence from Rural Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Description, measurement, and hypothesis of variables

No	Variables	Variable description	Variable value	Measurement	Expected sign
1	Dependent variable: Technology Adoption	A farm household who adopts at least one technology in one of crop fields (Inorganic fertilizer, Organic Fertilizer, and Herbicide)		0 for non-adopters and 1 for adopters
Independent variables
2	Age	Age of the household head	Continuous	Measured in years	±
3	Gender	Gender of the household head	Dummy	1 if the household is male and 0 otherwise	±
4	Family size	Number of family size in the household	Continuous	In number	±
5	Education level	Education of the household head	Continuous	Measured in schooling years	+
6	Land size	Total land size of the household	Continuous	In hectare	+
7	Distance to market	Distance from home to nearest market	Continuous	In kilometre	-
8	Distance to all- weather road	Distance from home to the all-weather road	Continuous	In kilometre	-
9	Livestock	Total livestock herd size of the household	Continuous	In tropical livestock unit (TLU index)	+
10	Access to credit	Credit access of the household	Dummy	if the farm household had taken loan; 0 otherwise	+
11	Extension visits	Extension services delivered by the agricultural offices	Dummy	if a household had extension visit during their practice; 0 otherwise	+
12	Off-farm Employment	Off-farm activities	Dummy	if the farm household had participated; 0 otherwise	±
13	Plot distance	Distance from home to farm plots	Continuous	In kilometre	-

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of variables used in the regression

Explanatory Variables	Category	Adopters	Non-Adopters
Gender	Male	422(81.47)	75 (54.35)
	Female	96(18.53)	63 (45.65)
Access to credit	Yes	143(27.61)	8(5.80)
	No	375(72.39)	130(94.20)
Off-farm employment	Yes	40(7.72)	7(5.07)
	No	478(92.28)	131(94.93)
Extension visits	Yes	326(62.93)	4(2.90)
	No	192(37.07)	134(97.10)
(Percents in parentheses)
Age	Mean (SD)	48.76(14.44)	54.18(18.14)
Education level	Mean (SD)	1.513(2.82)	.913(2.54)
Family size	Mean (SD)	4.722(1.88)	3.239(2.02)
Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU)	Mean (SD)	4.240(3.84)	1.545(2.38)
Farm size	Mean (SD)	.750(.795)	.581(.537)
Distance from market	Mean (SD)	52.53(33.46)	54.15(31.62)
Distance from an all-weather road	Mean (SD)	16.62(18.54)	17.92(20.08)
Plot distance	Mean (SD)	.729(.804)	.954(1.444)

Note. SD is Standard deviations

Source: Authors estimate, 2021

Table 3. FIML estimate of the endogenous switching regression model

Number of obs = 656 Wald chi2(11) = 27.17 (Prob > chi2 = 0.0000)Log pseudo-likelihood = −1713.456
		Endogenous switching regression
Adoption (1/0)		Food Consumption for Adopters	Food Consumption for non-Adopters
Variables	Coefficient (SE)	Coefficient (SE)	Coefficient (SE)
Age	−.002 (.004)	−.010 (.007)	0.014 (.007) *
Sex	.15 (.185)	−.074 (.384)	0.243 (.324)
Family size	.088 (.044) **	−.283 (.076) ***	−0.344 (.113) ***
Education level	.034(.028)	.036(.041)	.135(.071) *
Tropical livestock unit	.110 (.031) ***	.059 (.030) **	.063(.015) ***
Access to credit	.485 (.240) **	−.212 (.299)	−0.341 (.624)
Off-farm employment	.376 (.275)	.881 (.576)	.273 (.637)
Farm size	−.038 (.107)	.105 (.153)	.031 (.224)
Distance from the market	−.004 (.002) **	—-	—-
Distance from the main road	−.007 (.006)	—-	—-
Extension visits	1.828 (.230) ***	—-	—-
Plot distance	−.202 (.072) ***	—-	—-
Constant	−.532 (.411)	5.49 (.767) ***	3.25 (.811) ***
Sigma		.999 (.059) ***	.414 (.089) ***
Rho		−.123 (.019) ***	−.120 (.788)

*** p <.01, ** p <.05, * p <.1

Source: Authors estimate, 2021

Table 4. Estimation of conditional expectations, treatment, and heterogeneity

	Decision stage		Adoption Effect
Alternative	To Adopt	Not to adopt
Adopters	4052.968 (.026)	2851.886 (.032)	TT = 1201.082 (.041) ***
Non-adopters	3897.753 (.051)	3388.352 (.063)	TU = 509.401(.081) ***
TH effect			TH = 691.6812(.048) ***

Notes. TT = Adoption effect for adopters, TU = Adoption effect for non-adopters, TH (TT-TU) = transitional heterogeneity

Note. *** p <.01 and Standard errors in parentheses.

Source: Authors’ estimates, 2020

Matrix of correlations

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)
(1) Adopt	1.000
(2) age	−0.173	1.000
(3) sex	0.233	−0.197	1.000
(4) off_farm_emp	0.005	−0.067	−0.008	1.000
(5) hh_size	0.238	−0.190	0.426	0.108	1.000
(6) dist_road	−0.141	−0.004	−0.019	−0.083	−0.072	1.000
(7) dist_market	−0.037	−0.083	0.026	−0.095	−0.046	0.614	1.000
(8) TLU	0.322	−0.047	0.336	−0.016	0.419	−0.026	0.095	1.000
(9) plotdistance	−0.068	−0.110	0.148	−0.046	0.105	0.146	0.161	0.135	1.000
(10) extension_visit	0.575	−0.127	0.235	−0.008	0.223	−0.243	−0.172	0.234	−0.058	1.000
(11) credit_access	0.252	−0.107	0.174	0.017	0.128	−0.041	−0.017	0.064	0.017	0.283	1.000
(12) Education	0.055	−0.121	0.044	0.061	0.049	−0.077	−0.061	−0.020	−0.021	0.105	0.040	1.000
(13) landsize_ha	0.135	0.008	0.152	−0.020	0.182	0.042	0.069	0.425	0.105	0.066	0.086	0.040	1.000