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GENERAL & APPLIED ECONOMICS

Do environmental taxes affect energy consumption and energy intensity? An empirical analysis of OECD countries

Article: 2156094 | Received 08 Dec 2021, Accepted 04 Dec 2022, Published online: 11 Feb 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1. Revenue from environmental taxes in the OECD 1994–2019, as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total tax revenue.

Source: (OECD, Citation2019)
Figure 1. Revenue from environmental taxes in the OECD 1994–2019, as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total tax revenue.

Figure 2. Composition of environmentally related tax revenue in OECD countries in 2019.

Source: OECD Environment Statistics (database) (OECD, 2021).
Figure 2. Composition of environmentally related tax revenue in OECD countries in 2019.

Figure 3. Energy consumption.

Source: Enerdata (2021),
Figure 3. Energy consumption.

Figure 4. Energy intensity of GDP at constant purchasing power parities (koe/$15p) (from 2000–2020).

Source: Enerdata,2021
Figure 4. Energy intensity of GDP at constant purchasing power parities (koe/$15p) (from 2000–2020).

Table 1. An a prior expectation between energy consumption and determinants of environmental taxes. Dependent variable: energy consumption and energy intensity

Table 2. Definition and sources of variables

Table 3. Cross-sectional dependence test

Table 4. Results of unit root test

Table 5. Panel co-integration results

Table 6. Results of estimation

Table 7. Disaggregation of environmental tax effect (long-run coefficients)

Table 8. Estimation results (using Share of environmental tax to GDP as independent variable)

Table A1. Descriptive statistics

Table B1. Quantile regression estimates (dependent variable: energy consumption)

Table C1. Quantile regression estimates (dependent variable: energy intensity)

Table C2. Panel generalized methods of moments Dependent variable: Energy Intensity

Table C3. Panel generalized methods of moments. dependent variable: energy consumption