Contactless digital financial innovation and global contagious COVID-19 pandemic in low income countries: Evidence from Uganda

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proposed conceptual model.

Source: Developed by the author(s)

Table 1. Sample characteristics

Characteristics		Frequency	Percentage
Gender
	Male	1779	65
	Female	958	35
Age
	18–25	383	14
	26–33	1068	39
	34–41	985	36
	42–49	246	9
	50+	55	2
Education level
	No school	55	2
	Primary certificate	82	3
	Secondary certificate	958	35
	Diploma	821	30
	Bachelor degree	712	26
	Postgraduate degree	109	4
Marital status
	Single	794	29
	Married	1889	69
	Divorced	14	0.5
	Separated	27	1
	Widowed	13	0.4
Location
	Urban	2518	92
	Peri-urban	164	6
	Rural	55	2
Years of mobile
Money use	5 or less years	602	22
	6–10 years	1451	53
	11–15 years	684	25
Types of mobile
Money transaction	Payments	739	27
	Savings	931	34
	Borrowings	27	1
	Remittances	55	2
	Withdrawals	985	36
Mobile network
Operators	MTN	2491	91
	Airtel	192	7
	Lycamobile	27	1
	Africell	14	0.5
	UTL	5	0.2
	K2 Telecom	8	0.3

n = 2,737.

Table 2. Construct reliability and validity for the key variables

Variables & constructs	Loadings	Cr α	CR	AVE	R^2
Pandemic mitg measures		0.906	0.925	0.639	0.360
EMM10	0.805***
EMM13	0.805***
EMM15	0.784***
EMM17	0.826***
EMM3	0.752***
EMM7	0.828***
EMM8	0.791***
Pandemic positive emotn		0.848	0.929	0.868	0.028
PPE33	0.935***
PPE36	0.928***
Dig fin. innovation		0.892	0.918	0.651
USG15	0.804***
USG16	0.818***
USG19	0.845***
USG24	0.725***
USG4	0.839***
USG6	0.804***

Note: ***p < 0.0001.

Table 3. Discriminant validity for the key constructs

Variables	Dig fin. innovation	Pandemic mitg measures	Pandemic positive emotn
Dig fin. innovation	0.807
Pandemic mitg measures	0.561	0.799
Pandemic positive emotn	0.169	0.303	0.932

Table 4. Factor loadings and cross loadings for the key constructs

Variables & constructs	Dig fin. innovation	Pandemic positive emotn	Pandemic mitg measures
Pandemic mitg measures
EMM10	0.497	0.239	0.805***
EMM13	0.417	0.267	0.805***
EMM15	0.486	0.262	0.784***
EMM17	0.473	0.263	0.826***
EMM3	0.341	0.225	0.752***
EMM7	0.440	0.247	0.828***
EMM8	0.456	0.189	0.791***
Pandemic positive emotn
PPE33_1	0.163	0.935***	0.289
PPE36_1	0.151	0.928***	0.276
Dig fin. innovation
USG15_1	0.804***	0.457	0.145
USG16_1	0.818***	0.448	0.144
USG19_1	0.845***	0.478	0.135
USG24_1	0.725***	0.437	0.148
USG4_1	0.839***	0.473	0.130
USG6_1	0.804***	0.418	0.114

Note: ***p < 0.0001.

Table 5. Factor loadings significant for the key constructs

Variables & constructs	Loadings	SE	t- values	P-values	VIF
Pandemic mitg measures
EMM10	0.805***	0.016	50.370	0.000	2.187
EMM13	0.805***	0.013	60.155	0.000	2.310
EMM15	0.784***	0.019	42.241	0.000	2.110
EMM17	0.826***	0.013	64.387	0.000	2.314
EMM3	0.752***	0.018	42.299	0.000	2.061
EMM7	0.828***	0.013	65.284	0.000	2.607
EMM8	0.791***	0.017	47.865	0.000	2.283
Pandemic positive emotn
PPE33_1	0.935***	0.006	154.507	0.000	2.181
PPE36_1	0.928***	0.007	133.736	0.000	2.181
Dig fin. innovation
USG15_1	0.804***	0.017	48.384	0.000	2.297
USG16_1	0.818***	0.015	54.332	0.000	2.406
USG19_1	0.845***	0.014	58.746	0.000	2.388
USG24_1	0.725***	0.025	29.463	0.000	1.643
USG4_1	0.839***	0.016	51.829	0.000	2.603
USG6_1	0.804***	0.019	42.832	0.000	2.326

Note: ***p < 0.0001.

Table 6. Results of hypotheses testing

Hypotheses path	Path coeff	SE	t-values	P-values	2.5% LL	97.5% UL	Decision
Dig. Fin Innov → Pan. Mit Measures	0.561	0.029	19.059	0.000***	0.501	0.612	Supported
Dig. Fin Innov → Positive Emotn	0.169	0.026	6.551	0.000***	0.117	0.218	Supported
Dig. Fin Innov → Positive Emotn → Pan. Mit Measures	0.036	0.006	5.658	0.000***	0.025	0.050	Mediated

Note: ***p < 0.0001.

Figure 2. PLS SEM algorithms with both direct and indirect effects.

Figure 3. PLS SEM algorithms with t-values and p-values.

Table 7. Predictive relevance of the model for mediation

Exogenous variables	R^2	Cross-validated redundancy
Pandemic mit measures	0.360	0.223
Pandemic positive emotn	0.028	0.024

Note: ***p < 0.0001.

Table 8. Effect size of exogenous variables on Pandemic mitigation measures

Exogenous variables	R^2 included	R^2 excluded	R^2 included-R^2 excluded	1-R^2 included	Total effects
Pandemic positive emotn	0.561	0.215	0.346	0.439	0.215
Dig fin. innovation	0.561	0.169	0.392	0.439	0.169

Note: ***p < 0.0001.