The effect of labor and capital on transportation logistics’ development: The case of Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1. Statistics summary of variables

Variable name	Variable description	Unit of Variables	Number of observed variables	Mean	Standard Deviation	Min	Max
Total labor	Total number of employees of transportation logistics industry (TLI) in HCM	Person	12	176085.5	30672.58	125260	229649.2
Female labor	Total number of female employees of TLI in HCM	Person	12	47764.58	14138.14	30080	71715.47
Trained labor	Total number of employees who have received vocational training of TLI in HCM	Person	12	.1037864	.0260503	.0485873	.1385851
High school labor	Total number of employees who have graduated from high school of TLI in HCM	Person	12	.1512764	.1648547	.0801651	.6622074
Annual capital	Total annual operating capital of the business	Billion VND	12	599236.3	1262408	123984	4596473
Asset & long-term capital	Total fixed assets and long-term investments	Billion VND	12	130084	54366.54	78787	230301.8
State capital	Total investment from the State budget	Billion VND	12	32205.88	6322.678	23795.2	45686
Abroad capital	Total investment from abroad	Thousand US dollars	12	102992.6	246474.5	8025.1	883265
Goods labor productivity	Goods productivity is calculated on the total number of employees	Number	12	.6778417	.2534468	.3306623	.3306623
People labor productivity	Passenger productivity is calculated on the total number of employees	Number	12	.1828075	.3029576	.0738703	1.143187
Goods capital productivity	Goods Productivity is calculated on Total Capital	Number	12	.4716523	.175826	.0537048	.6897951
People capital productivity	Passenger productivity is calculated on total capital	Number	12	.0772264	.0165911	.045733	.1024402
BD GDP Gr	GDP growth of Binh Duong Province.	Number	12	.109839	.069588	0	.2877526
TN GDP Gr	GDP growth of Tay Ninh Province	Number	12	.0877728	.0745939	−.0705427	.21
BP GDP Gr	GDP growth of Binh Phuoc Province	Number	12	.0934702	. .0474028	0	.1657982
TG GDP Gr	GDP growth of Tien Giang Province	Number	12	.2592111	.5313169	−.2731913	1.75251
HCM Tran logistics GDP Gr	GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	Number	12	−.8960628	3.122228	−10.25	.2732033
HCM GDP Gr	GDP growth of HCM	Number	12	.11608	.1075957	−.03556	.2917871
Vietnam GDP Gr	GDP growth of Vietnam	Number	12	.106696	.0711416	.0256	.2882769

Source: Study results of the authors

Note: There are four cases of missing data. Binh Duong’s GDP growth, Tay Ninh’s GDP growth, Binh Phuoc’s GDP growth, and Tien Giang’s GDP growth—each case has one missing variable.

Table 2. Results of the Multivariate Regression

1^st multivariate regression			2^nd multivariate regression after removal of annual capital and female labor			3^rd multivariate regression after removal of abroad capital, high school labor, asset and long-term capital, and total labor
	Variables	VIF		Variables	VIF		Variables	VIF
R-squared = 0.9842	Total labor	102.07	R-Squared = 0.9695	Total labor	10.56	R-squared = 0.4305
	Female labor	270.57
	Trained labor	5.82		Trained labor	4.04		Trained labor	1.38
	High school labor	97.29		High school labor	43.32
Adjusted R-squared = 0.9419	Annual capital	289.92	Adjusted R-Squared = 0.9330			Adjusted R-squared = 0.3040
	Asset and long-term capital	28.98		Asset and long-term capital	11.67
	State capital	19.45		State capital	5.12		State capital	1.38
	Abroad capital	266.27		Abroad capital	50.12

Source: Study results of the authors

Table 3. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) analysis results

Exogenous variables: Trained labor, State capital
Bartlett test of sphericity
Chi-square	3.090
Degrees of freedom	1
P-value	0.05
(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) KMO	0.5

Source: Study results of the authors

Table 4. Results of factor analysis and correlation

Exogenous variables	Factor	Eigenvalue	Difference	Proportion	Cumulative
Trained labor	Factor 1	1.52693	1.05386	0.7635	0.7635
State capital	Factor 2	0.47307		0.2365	1.0000

Source: Study results of the authors

Table 5. Wald test result

	SEM
Endogenous variables	Chi-square	Degree of freedom	P-value
Goods labor productivity	15.91	2	0.0004
Passenger labor productivity	6.50	2	0.0387
Goods capital productivity	1.46	2	0.4827
Passenger capital productivity	2.15	2	0.3413
GDP growth of Binh Duong	4.34	2	0.1142
GDP growth of Tay Ninh	7.11	2	0.0285
GDP growth of Binh Phuoc	1.77	2	0.4136
GDP growth Tien Giang	8.90	2	0.0117
GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	1107.70	4	0.0001
HCM’s GDP growth	94.35	5	0.0001
Vietnam’s GDP growth	114.60	5	0.0001

Source: Study results of the authors

Note: The output of Stata software is written as “all the Eigenvalue lie inside the unit circle. SEM satisfies the stability condition.”

Figure 1. SEM’s estimation depiction.

Source: Study results of the authors

Table 6. RMSEA test result

SEM
Probability RMSEA	≤0.05
CI	90%

Source: Study results of the authors

Table 7. CD test result

SEM
CD	0.893

Source: Study results of the authors

Table A1. The SEM estimation result of direct effects, indirect effects, and total effects was processed by the expected information matrix (EIM) technique

DIRECT EFFECTS
Endogenous variables	Exogenous variables	Coefficient	EIM std. err.	z	P > |z|	[95% conf. interval]
Goods labor productivity	Trained labor	10.54529	2.784302	3.79	0.000	5.088157	16.00242
	State capital	−5.03e-06	9.02e-06	−0.56	0.577	−.0000227	.0000127
Passenger labor productivity	Trained labor	10.44035	4.136216	2.52	0.012	2.333514	18.54718
	State capital	−.0000194	.0000134	−1.45	0.148	−.0000456	6.90e-06
Goods capital productivity	Trained labor	−.4194119	2.81234	−0.15	0.881	−5.931497	5.092673
	State capital	.0000104	9.11e-06	1.14	0.254	−7.47e-06	.0000283
Passenger capital productivity	Trained labor	−.1478919	.2627145	−0.56	0.573	−.6628029	.367019
	State capital	1.25e-06	8.51e-07	1.46	0.143	−4.23e-07	2.91e-06
Binh Duong’s GDP growth	Trained labor	−1.651355	.8863246	−1.86	0.062	−3.38852	.0858088
	State capital	−2.90e-08	2.87e-06	−0.01	0.992	−5.66e-06	5.60e-06
Tay Ninh’s GDP growth	Trained labor	2.487214	.9359188	2.66	0.008	.6528464	4.321581
	State capital	−2.96e-06	3.03e-06	−0.98	0.329	−8.91e-06	2.98e-06
Binh Phuoc’s GDP growth	Trained labor	.1349406	.5978656	0.23	0.821	−1.036855	1.306736
	State capital	2.08e-06	1.94e-06	1.07	0.283	−1.72e-06	5.88e-06
Tien Giang’s GDP growth	Trained labor	10.07244	6.766663	1.49	0.137	−3.189973	23.33486
	State capital	−.0000653	.0000219	−2.98	0.003	−.0001083	−.0000223
GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	Goods labor productivity	−.6857694	.3754603	−1.83	0.068	−1.421658	.0501193
	Passenger labor productivity	−9.178089	.3155629	−29.08	0.000	−9.796581	−8.559597
	Goods capital productivity	.9810097	.5004893	1.96	0.050	.0000687	1.961951
	Passenger capital productivity	−7.32364	5.233962	−1.40	0.162	−17.58202	2.934737
HCM’s GDP growth	Goods labor productivity	−.0159045	.0714915	−0.22	0.824	−.1560253	.1242164
	Passenger labor productivity	−.0978508	.4645518	−0.21	0.833	−1.008356	.812654
	Goods capital productivity	−.3192912	.0969655	−3.29	0.001	−.5093401	−.1292423
	Passenger capital productivity	−3.533263	.9474897	−3.73	0.000	−5.390309	−1.676218
	GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	.0310242	.0502894	0.62	0.537	−.0675412	.1295896
Vietnam’s GDP growth	Goods labor productivity	−.3363117	.0420721	−7.99	0.000	−.4187715	−.2538519
	Passenger labor productivity	.7493375	.2733842	2.74	0.006	.2135142	1.285161
	Goods capital productivity	−.0863496	.0570633	−1.51	0.130	−.1981916	.0254924
	Passenger capital productivity	.8646146	.5575885	1.55	0.121	−.2282389	1.957468
	GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	.0621021	.0295948	2.10	0.036	.0040973	.1201069
INDIRECT EFFECTS
Endogenous variables	Exogenous variables	Coefficient	EIM std. err.	z	P > |z|	[95% conf. interval]
GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	Trained labor	−102.3824	38.3638	−2.67	0.008	−177.5741	−27.19076
	State capital	.0001823	.000124	1.47	0.141	−.0000607	.0004253
HCM’s GDP growth	Goods labor productivity	−.0212754	.036401	−0.58	0.559	−.0926201	.0500692
	Passenger labor productivity	−.2847427	.4616644	−0.62	0.537	−1.189588	.6201028
	Goods capital productivity	.030435	.0517202	0.59	0.556	−.0709347	.1318047
	Passenger capital productivity	−.2272099	.4025084	−0.56	0.572	−1.016112	.5616921
	Trained labor	−3.709189	2.145185	−1.73	0.084	−7.913674	.4952961
	State capital	−8.63e-08	6.78e-06	−0.01	0.990	−.0000134	.0000132
Vietnam’s GDP growth	Goods labor productivity	−.0425877	.0309123	−1.38	0.168	−.1031748	.0179994
	Passenger labor productivity	−.5699784	.2723299	−2.09	0.036	−1.103735	−.0362215
	Goods capital productivity	.0609227	.0425319	1.43	0.152	−.0224382	.1442836
	Passenger capital productivity	−.4548133	.3906763	−1.16	0.244	−1.220525	.3108982
	Trained labor	−2.172974	1.375276	−1.58	0.114	−4.868465	.5225167
	State capital	−1.32e-06	4.33e-06	−0.31	0.760	−9.80e-06	7.16e-06
TOTAL EFFECTS
Endogenous variables	Exogenous variables	Coefficient	EIM std. err.	z	P > |z|	[95% conf. interval]
Goods labor productivity	Trained labor	10.54529	2.784302	3.79	0.000	5.088157	16.00242
	State capital	−5.03e-06	9.02e-06	−0.56	0.577	−.0000227	.0000127
Passenger labor productivity	Trained labor	10.44035	4.136216	2.52	0.012	2.333514	18.54718
	State capital	−.0000194	.0000134	−1.45	0.148	−.0000456	6.90e-06
Goods capital productivity	Trained labor	−.4194119	2.81234	−0.15	0.881	−5.931497	5.092673
	State capital	.0000104	9.11e-06	1.14	0.254	−7.47e-06	.0000283
Passenger capital productivity	Trained labor	−.1478919	.2627145	−0.56	0.573	−.6628029	.367019
	State capital	1.25e-06	8.51e-07	1.46	0.143	−4.23e-07	2.91e-06
Binh Duong’s GDP growth	Trained labor	−1.651355	.8863246	−1.86	0.062	−3.38852	.0858088
	State capital	−2.90e-08	2.87e-06	−0.01	0.992	−5.66e-06	5.60e-06
Tay Ninh’s GDP growth	Trained labor	2.487214	.9359188	2.66	0.008	.6528464	4.321581
	State capital	−2.96e-06	3.03e-06	−0.98	0.329	−8.91e-06	2.98e-06
Binh Phuoc’s GDP growth	Trained labor	.1349406	.5978656	0.23	0.821	−1.036855	1.306736
	State capital	2.08e-06	1.94e-06	1.07	0.283	−1.72e-06	5.88e-06
Tien Giang’s GDP growth	Trained labor	10.07244	6.766663	1.49	0.137	−3.189973	23.33486
	State capital	−.0000653	.0000219	−2.98	0.003	−.0001083	−.0000223
GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	Goods labor productivity	−.6857694	.3754603	−1.83	0.068	−1.421658	.0501193
	Passenger labor productivity	−9.178089	.3155629	−29.08	0.000	−9.796581	−8.559597
	Goods capital productivity	.9810097	.5004893	1.96	0.050	.0000687	1.961951
	Passenger capital productivity	−7.32364	5.233962	−1.40	0.162	−17.58202	2.934737
	Trained labor	−102.3824	38.3638	−2.67	0.008	−177.5741	−27.19076
	State capital	.0001823	.000124	1.47	0.141	−.0000607	.0004253
HCM’s GDP growth	Goods labor productivity	−.0371799	.0636975	−0.58	0.559	−.1620248	.087665
	Passenger labor productivity	−.3825935	.0535358	−7.15	0.000	−.4875218	−.2776652
	Goods capital productivity	−.2888562	.0849089	−3.40	0.001	−.4552746	−.1224377
	Passenger capital productivity	−3.760473	.8879515	−4.23	0.000	−5.500826	−2.02012
	GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	.0310242	.0502894	0.62	0.537	−.0675412	.1295896
	Trained labor	−3.709189	2.145185	−1.73	0.084	−7.913674	.4952961
	State capital	−8.63e-08	6.78e-06	−0.01	0.990	−.0000134	.0000132
Vietnam’s GDP growth	Goods labor productivity	−.3788994	.0436101	−8.69	0.000	−.4643736	−.2934252
	Passenger labor productivity	.1793591	.036653	4.89	0.000	.1075206	.2511976
	Goods capital productivity	−.0254269	.0581323	−0.44	0.662	−.1393641	.0885104
	Passenger capital productivity	.4098013	.60793	0.67	0.500	−.7817196	1.601322
	GDP growth of transportation logistics in HCM	.0621021	.0295948	2.10	0.036	.0040973	.1201069
	Trained labor	−2.172974	1.375276	−1.58	0.114	−4.868465	.5225167
	State capital	−1.32e-06	4.33e-06	−0.31	0.760	−9.80e-06	7.16e-06

Source: Study results of the authors.

Data availability statement

The authors, Vu Thi Kim Hanh and Nguyen Hong Nga, collected and extracted the time series secondary data manually. The data is annual and spans the years 2010–2021. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CbuU5OZxS8mZls0Myp6lV_zrxiMg8bIJwFyM_CL6c8U/edit?usp=sharing.