Households’ participation in agri-food based livelihoods: Insights from urban and peri-urban contexts of Tanzania

Figures & data

Figure 1. Agri-food systems transformation and associated urban and peri-urban livelihoods.

Table 1. Selected household characteristics

Variables	Obs	Mean	SD
Age of household head (years)	502	43.3	15.94
Gender of household head (1 = male, 0 otherwise)	502	0.77	0.42
Education (1 = secondary education or higher, 0)	502	0.41	0.49
Household size (number)	502	4.02	2.36
Land size owned (Acres)	502	1.96	5.89
Formal employment (1 = tes, 0 otherwise)	502	0.37	0.48
Access to loans (1 = yes, 0 otherwise)	502	0.18	0.38
House tenure (1 = owned, 0 otherwise)	502	0.47	0.49
Household location (1 = urban, 0 = peri-urban	502	0.72	0.44
Participating in agri-food-based livelihood activities (1 = yes, 0 otherwise)	502	0.52	0.50

Table 2. Participation in urban agri-food value chain activities

Category	Urban	Peri-urban	Pooled
Not participating agri-food-based livelihood activities	45.54	25.00	39.16
Cultivation of permanent/vegetable crops	19.01	32.29	23.14
Livestock keeping	14.32	26.04	17.96
Agri-produce processing	0.94	0.52	0.81
Transportation of agri-produce	0.23	0.00	0.16
Agri-produce trading/retailing	8.69	9.38	8.90
Food vending	11.27	6.77	9.87
Total	100	100	100

Table 3. Participation in urban agri-food value chain activities (by gender)

	Gender of the household head
Category	Male (n=387)	Female (n=115)
Not participating agri-food-based livelihood activities	40.27	38.46
Cultivation of permanent/vegetable crops	23.89	19.23
Livestock keeping	19.25	13.08
Agri-produce processing	0.88	0.00
Transportation of agri-produce	0.22	0.00
Agri-produce trading/retailing	7.75	13.85
Food vending	7.73	15.38
Total	100	100

Figure 2. Share of households participating in agri-food-based livelihoods by consumption expenditure quartiles.

Table 4. Estimates of the determinants of participation in agri-food-based livelihood activities

Variables	Coef.	S.E	z	P>z
Age of household head (Years)	0.008196	0.005266	1.56	0.12^ns
Gender of household head (1 = male)	−0.09252	0.164294	−0.56	0.573 ^ns
Education (level)	0.160005	0.139331	1.15	0.251 ^ns
Household size (number)	0.093342	0.033941	2.75	0.006***
Land size owned (ha)	0.004871	0.010641	0.46	0.647 ^ns
Access to loans (1 = yes)	0.162729	0.17532	0.93	0.353 ^ns
Formal employment (1 = Yes)	−0.52953	0.163198	−3.24	0.001***
Household location (1 = urban)	−0.27492	0.157676	−1.74	0.081**
House tenure (1 = owned)	0.35567	0.172623	2.06	0.039**

Number of observations = 502; log likelihood = − −233.65***; pseudo R² = 0.1451;

Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (p < 0.99).

Source: author’s calculation, 2023;

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 and ns p > 0.1.

Data availability statement

The data supporting this study’s findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request https://www.nbs.go.tz/tnada/index.php/catalog/35.