Determinants of rural household poverty in Pakistan with multilevel approach

Figures & data

Table 1. Variable names, descriptions, and codes in the sample (PRHPS)

Variable	Description	Codes
Education	Maximum educational attainment	1: 0–5 grades, 2: 6–10 grades, 3:11–13 grades, 4: 14–20 grades, 5: others (deeni madrassa or never completed grade 1)
Ses	Socioeconomic status	1: Low, 2: Medium, 3: High
Spend	Do you often spend money and regret later that you spent it?	1: Yes, 2: No

Table 2. Descriptive summary of explanatory variables

		Poverty in individuals
Variable	Yes	No	Total	Chi	P-value
Education				427.38	0.000
0–5 grade	22(0.05)	16(0.003)	38(0.008)
6–10 grade	757(0.158)	925(0.193)	1682(0.352)
11–13 grade	90(0.019)	149(0.031)	239(0.05)
14–20 grade	8(0.002)	30(0.006)	38(0.008)
Deeni Madrassa or no grade attained	2046(0.426)	761(0.158)	2807(0.584)
Total	2923(0.608)	1881(0.392)	4804(100)
Socioeconomic status				160.05	0.000
Low	1493(0.311)	631(0.131)	2124(0.442)
Middle	1414(0.294)	1207(0.251)	2621(0.546)
High	16(0.003)	43(0.009)	59(0.012)
Total	2923(0.608)	1881(0.392)	4804(100)
Spend				62.824	0.000
Yes	1544(0.322)	774(0.162)	2318(0.483)
No	1369(0.286)	1103(0.230)	2472(0.515)
Total	2913(0.606)	1877(0.391)	4790(0.997)

Table 3. Parameter estimates, odds ratio and P-value obtained from the multilevel logistic model

Parameter	Estimates	S.E.	Odds	Statistic	P-value
Education
0–5 grade
6–10 grade	−0.432	0.366	0.649	−1.181	0.237
11–13 grade	−0.611	0.388	0.542	−1.576	0.115
14–20 grade	−1.259	0.543	0.283	−2.315	0.021
Deeni Madrassa or no grade attained	0.697	0.362	2.008	1.926	0.054
Socioeconomic status
Low
Middle	−0.772	0.072	0.462	−10.695	0.000
High	−1.782	0.317	0.168	−5.611	0.000
Spend
Yes
No	−0.323	0.067	0.724	−4.774	0.000

Figure 1. Predicted district lines.

Figure 2. Caterpillar plot: Estimated residuals with 95% confidence interval.