Welfare impact of improved maize varieties adoption among smallholder farmers in Amuru district of Horo Guduru Wollega, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Physical map of Ethiopia, Oromia Region and Amuru District.

Table 1. Sample district, Kebeles and number of sample households

District	Kebeles	Total households	Adopters Sampled	Non-Adopters Sampled	Total Sampled	Proportion
	Agamsa	1283	49	50	99	37.62%
Amuru	L/Wali	959	36	38	74	28.21%
	J/Migir	1164	44	46	90	34.17%
	Total	3406	129	134	263	100

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of continues explanatory variables

Variables	Description	Adopters (No = 129)		Non-adopters (No = 134)		Total sample (No = 263)		t-value
		Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.
Age	Age of household head (years)	40.57	9.647	37.223	8.078	38.866	9.022	−3.057***
Education	Education of household head (years of schooling)	7.224	3.457	4.507	3.194	5.840	3.588	−6.622***
Total farm land	Total land operated by a household (ha)	4.724	1.661	3.179	1.796	3.937	1.893	−7.237***
Family size	Household size (adult equivalent)	4.661	1.420	5.057	1.669	4.863	1.562	2.070***
Livestock owned	Livestock owned (TLU)	9.241	2.788	6.604	2.912	7.897	3.138	−7.494***
Off farm income	Nonfarm income (Birr)	1956.97	1257.61	2111.71	1136.19	2035.81	1197.50	1.047
Market distance	Distance to nearest market (KM)	4.294	1.974	6.507	2.273	5.422	2.399	8.415***

***signify statistically significant at 1% significance level

Source: Authors’ analysis, 2023

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of discrete explanatory variables

Variables	Description		Adopters (No = 129)		Non-adopters (No = 134)		Total sample (No = 263)		χ²-value
			No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Sex of the household head	(1=male 0=female)	Male	121 8	93.8 6.2	112 22	83.6 16.4	233 30	88.6 11.4	6.788***
		Female
Information from government agent	(1=Yes, 0=No)	Yes	108 21	83.7 16.3	68 66	50.7 49.3	176 87	66.9 33.1	32.283***
		No
Information from farmers association	(1=Yes, 0=No)	Yes	77 52	59.7 40.3	15 119	11.2 88.8	92 171	35.0 65.0	67.96***
		No
Access to credit	(1=Yes, 0=No)	Yes	41 88	31.8 68.2	23 111	17.2 82.8	64 199	24.3 75.7	7.628***
		No
Access to training	(1=Yes, 0=No)	Yes	41 88	31.8 68.2	7 127	5.2 94.8	48 215	18.3 81.7	31.074***
		No

***signify statistically significant at 1 percent significance level

Source: Authors’ analysis, 2023

Table 4. Descriptive statistics of continues outcome variables

Variables	Adopters (No = 129)		Non-adopters (No = 134)		Total sample (No = 263)		t-value
	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.
Calorie intake	2470.71	331.21	2267.38	328.28	2367.11	344.49	−4.9994 ***
Net crop value	12375.35	303.08	8930.97	176.31	0620.42	1742.65	−1.1e+02***

***signify statistically significant at 1% significance level

Source: Authors’ analysis, 2023

Table 5. Food security status among adopters and non-adopters

Outcome variables	Adopters (No = 129)		Non-adopters (No = 134)		Total sample (No = 263)		χ^2-value
	No.	Percent	No.	Percent	No	Percent
Food secure	108	83.7	63	47	171	65	38.935***
Food insecure	21	16.3	71	53	92	35
Total	129	100	134	100	263	100

***signify statistically significant at 1% significance level

Source: Authors’ analysis, 2023

Table 6. Probit model: adoption decision

Variables	Coefficient	Robust Std. Err.	t-value	Marginal Effects
Sex of hh	0.788	0.541	1.46	0.089
Age of hh	0.029	0.015	1.93	0.003
Education of hh	0.158***	0.041	3.83	0.018
Family size	−0.31***	0.096	−3.24	−0.035
Non -farm income	0.00	0.000	0.12	0.000
TLU	0.156***	0.045	3.46	0.018
Access credit	0.702**	0.319	2.20	0.079
Market distance	−0.382***	0.058	−6.54	−0.043
Access to training	1.868***	0.396	4.72	0.211
Farm size	0.35***	0.076	4.62	0.039
InformanEA	1.29***	0.310	4.15	0.145
InformanFC	1.471***	0.326	4.51	0.166
_cons	−3.602***	1.317	−2.74
Number of observations	263
LR chi2(13)	120.25
Prob > chi2	0.000***
Pseudo R2	0.7015
Log Pseudo likelihood	−54.395474

***, and **, signify statistical significance at 1, and 5 percent significance level, respectively

Source: Authors’ analysis, 2023

Table 7. Endogenous switching regression model result (average treatment effects)

Outcome variable	Farm household type and treatment effect	Decision stage		Average treatment effect
		To adopt	Not to adopt
Calorie intake	ATT	2470.71	2241.91	228.80***
	ATU	2383.87	2267.38	116.48***
Binary food insecurity	ATT	0.163	0.511	−0.348***
	ATU	0.227	0.533	−0.305***
Net crop value	ATT	12375.35	8889.88	3485.46***
	ATU	12582.99	8930.97	3652.01***

***signify statistically significant at 1% significance level

Source: Authors’ analysis, 2023