Farmers’ participation in small-scale irrigation in Amhara region, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the study area (Hulet Eju Enesie district).

Table 1. Proportional sample distribution for each Kebeles

Name of Kebeles	Total Household	Total User	Total Nonuser	Sample from user	Sample non-user	Total Sample from each kebele
Qonter Silasie	721	285	436	31	40	71
Shegie keranio	1140	402	738	51	62	113
Total	1861	687	1174	82	102	184

Source; Own Summary (2021)

Table 2. Summary of independent variable and their hypothesized relationship

Independent Variables	Nature	Measurement	Expected sign
Demographic factors
Age of HHH respondent	Continuous	in Year	±ve
Sex of HHH respondent	Dummy	‘1’ for male and ‘0’ for female	±ve
Family size	Continuous	in number adult equivalent	+ve
Dependency ratio	Continuous	in number	-ve
Educational status	Categorical	‘1’ for unable to read and write, ‘2’ for able to read and write, ‘3’ primary &junior, ‘4’ secondary school	+ve
Economic factors
Land holding size	Continuous	In hectare (ha)		+ve
Gross annual income	Continuous	in number (ETB)		+ve
Number of oxen	Continuous	number		+ve
Institutional factors
Training access	Dummy	‘1’ for accessed and 0 for non-accessed training				+ve
Contact with development agent	Dummy	‘1’ for contact and ‘0’for non-contact with DA				+ve
Credit access	Dummy	‘1’ for accessed and ‘0’ for non-accessed				+ve
Market distance	Continuous	Walking hours				-ve
Market information access	Dummy	‘1’ for accessed and ‘0’ for non-accessed				+ve
Environmental factors
Farm distance from water source	Continuous	In kilometer			-ve
Terrain of the farm land	Dummy	‘1’ for suitable and ‘0’ for unsuitable farmland			±ve

Source; Own summary (2020)

Figure 2. Conceptual framework, own design (2020).

Table 3. The Summary of t-test statistics for continuous variables

Variables	User Sample (N=82)				Non-user Samples (N=102)				t-test
	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Age	40.25	8.22	22	72	48.25	10.75	23	74	5.552***
Adult labor	3.348	0.79	2	4.7	2.922	0.57	2	4.4	−4.20
Dependency ratio	27.49	12.68	0	60	40.23	17.04	0	75	5.625***
Land size	1.69	0.599	0.5	3	1.23	0. 53	0.25	2.5	−5.847
Gross income	43890	15054	15000	82000	33376	15813	10000	75000	−4.579*
Oxen	3.20	0.797	1	4	2.29	0.752	1	5	−7.968
Farm distance to water	0.271	0.444	0.001	1.7	1.31	1.15	0.01	5	7.770***
Market distance	1.40	0.474	1	3	2.10	0.559	1	3.3	5.725***

***, * represent significant at 1% and 10% significant level respectively.

Source: Computed from own survey data, (2021)

Table 4. Statistical summary of chi-square test for categorical and dummy variables

Variables	Categories	Irrigation Users samples (N=82)		Irrigation Non-users samples (102)		x^2-test
		N	(%)	N	(%)
Sex of household head	1= male	62	75.6	77	75.4	0.04
	0=female	20	24.3	25	24.5
Extension contact	0=no	17	20.7	64	62.7	32.5601***
	1=yes	65	79.2	38	37.2
Training access	0=no	14	17.0	73	71.5	54.1579***
	1=yes	68	82.9	29	28.4
Credit access	0=no	25	30.4	54	52.9	9.353***
	1=yes	57	69.5	48	47.0
Market info Access	0=no	20	24.4	73	71.4	40.475***
	1=yes	62	75.6	29	28.5
Land topography	0=unsuitable	14	14.8	63	62.7	63.531***
	1=suitable	68	85.1	39	38.2
Educational-level	1= unable read & write	9	10.9	58	56.9	41.7460***
	2= read and write	55	67.0	33	32.7
	3= Pri & juni school	12	14.6	6	5.9
	4= secondary school	6	7.3	5	4.9

***, represent significant at 1% significant level

Source: Computed from own survey data, (2021)

Table 5. Estimation result of first hurdle (probit regression) on farmers’ participation in SSI

Variables	Coefficient	Robust Std. Err.	Z	Marginal Effect
Sex	−0.3278	0.3406	−0.96	−0.1180
Age	−0.0477*	0.0221	−2.16	−0.0165
Land size	0.4636	0.3936	1.18	0.1609
Education	0.5201**	0.2541	2.05	0.1805
Income	1.838	0.0013	−0.12	0.9107
Dependency ratio	0.0444***	0.0095	−4.65	−0.0150
Oxen	0.1659	0.2427	−0.68	−0.0578
Extension contact	−0.5311*	0.2993	1.77	0.1797
Training access	−0.7706**	0.3209	0.01	0.2616
Credit access	0.0290	0.4362	−0.07	0.0100
Market information access	0.5027	0.3613	1.39	0.1734
Land topography	1.388***	0.4411	3.15	−0.4119
Adult labor	0.1362	0.2019	0.65	0.4727
Farm distance	−0.6778***	0.2019	−3.36	−0.2352
Constant	0.2225	1.4724	−0.15
Number observation	=184
Wald chi2(14)	=101.09
Prob> chi2	=0.0000
Log pseudo likelihood	= −36. 9257
Pseudo R2	=0.7080

***P<0.01; **P<0.05; *P<0.1; represent significance level at less than 1%, 5% and 10% respectively

Source: Model output from survey data, (2021)

Table 6. Estimation result of second hurdle (truncated regression) for extent of farmers’ participation in SSI

Variables	Coefficient	Robust Std. Err.	Z
Adult labor	0.0701**	0.0269	2.56
Extension cont	−0.03887	0.0529	−0.75
Age	−0.0066**	0.0030	−2.23
Oxen	−0.0102	0.0298	−0.34
Education	0.0452*	0.0243	1.86
Land topography	0.0525	0.0771	0.68
Income	0.5801***	0.9501	2.57
Land size	0.1136***	0.0421	2.69
Training access	0.0149	0.0740	0.20
Credit access	0.0117	0.0411	0.28
Market distance	−0.1048***	0.0374	−2.79
Market info access	0.1106	0.0695	1.59
Sex	0.0771	0.0654	1.18
Farm distance	0.341	0.0386	0.88
Constant	−0.1731	0.1519	−1.14
sigma	0.1544***	0.0141	10.88
Limit: lower = 0 upper = +inf Log pseudo likelihood =47.9676	Number of observation = 82 Wald chi2(14) = 168.67 Prob> chi2 = 0.0000

*** p< 0.01; ** p< 0.05;*p<0.1; represent significance level at less than 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.

Source: Model output from survey data, (2021)