Measurement of the impact of buffer stock intervention on food security of smallholder farmers in Ghana by means of the nutrient-content household dietary diversity index

Figures & data

Table 1. The HDDI food groups (a) and the NHDDI categories (b)

The HDDI Food groups (a)
1	Cereals	7	Eggs
2	Roots and Tubers	8	Fish and seafood
3	Oils and fats	9	Pulses, legumes (pigeon pea)
4	Vegetables	10	Milk and milk products
5	Fruits (e.g., mango, papaya,)	11	Sugar and honey
6	Meat (e.g., beef, poultry, .)	12	Miscellaneous (tea, coffee, cake)
The NHDDICategories (b)
Category (Level)	Nutrient-content	NHDDI Food groups	HDDI groups
1	Low	roots & tubers, cereals, and fat & oil	1–3
2	Basic	level 1 plus vegetables and fruits	1–5
3	Moderate	level 2 plus meat, fish, and seafood	1–7
4	Adequate	level 3 plus pulse and legumes, eggs, milk, and milk products,	1–10
5	High	level 4 plus sugar, honey, and miscellaneous	1–12

Sources: Modified from (Kiboi et al., 2017; Mekuria et al., 2017)

Table 2. Description of the variables

No	Variable	Definition	Measurement	Expected Sign
1	NHDDI	Nutrient-content HDDI	NHDDI levels: 1: low; 2: basic, 3: moderate, 4: adequate, and 5: high
2	NAFCO	Participant in buffer stock operations	Dummy: NAFCO farmer=1, Non-NAFCO farmer =0	+
3	Chn	Number of children under five	Number of children under five years	_
4	Gen	Gender of the household head	Male =1, Female=0	±
5	Mar	Marital status of the household head	Married =1, uUnmarried=0	+
6	Edu	Education of the household head	No formal education=0; Formal education=1	+
7	HS	Household size	Number of people in the household	±
8	Inc	Household annual income	The amount in Ghana Cedis earned	+
9	ChnXEdu	Children<5 X Education		±
10	ChnXInc	Children<5 X Income		+
11	ChnXHS	Children<5 X Household size		±

Table 3. Descriptive statistics

Variable	Policy-off				Policy-on
	Mean	S. Dev.	Min.	Max.	Mean	S. Dev.	Min.	Max.
NHDDI	1.87	1.01	1.00	4.00	3.90	1.21	1.00	5.00
NAFCO	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	1.00	1.00
Chn	1.90	1.28	0.00	3.00	1.18	1.31	0.00	3.00
Mar	0.79	0.41	0.00	1.00	0.92	0.27	0.00	1.00
Edu	1.34	0.47	1.00	2.00	1.56	0.50	1.00	2.00
Gen	0.76	0.43	0.00	1.00	0.75	0.44	0.00	1.00
HSS	6.41	2.24	2.00	16.00	6.28	2.28	3.00	17.00
Inc (in 1000)	1.90	2.03	0.10	12.00	6.73	5.37	0.12	20.00
ChnXEdu	3.67	3.67	0.00	15.00	3.43	4.00	0.00	12.00
Chn XInc	2.80	3.51	0.00	20.70	8.74	6.86	0.00	19.00
ChnXHS	12.09	8.77	0.00	39.00	7.72	9.03	0.00	30.00
No. of obs.	179	-	-	-	126	-	-	-

Table 4. Imbalance checks of the raw (A) and coarsened data (B)

A: Raw data
Variable	Mean of the control group	Mean of the treated group	Difference in means (I1)	Between-group difference in means per quantile
				min	25%	50%	75%	max
Gen	0.76	0.75	−0.014	0	−1	0	0	0
Mar	0.79	0.92	0.133	0	0	0	0	0
Edu	1.34	1.56	0.220	0	0	1	0	0
HH	6.41	6.28	−0.130	0	0	0	0	−3
Multivariate imbalance measure L1			0.395	-	-	-	-	-
B: After coarsening
Variable	Difference in means (I1)			Between-group difference in means per quantile
				min	25%	50%	75%	max
Gen	−5.60E–16			0	0	0	0	0
Mar	−1.10E–16			0	0	0	0	0
Edu	−2.20E–16			0	0	0	0	0
HH	−0.068			0	0	0	0	−3
Multivariate imbalance measure L10.128				-	-	-	-	-
Observations			Policy -off			Policy-on
All			179			126
Matched			160			120
Unmatched			19			6

Table 5. Ordered probit and WLS estimates of the Nutrient-Content Household Diversity Index (NHDDI) based on user-defined coarsened data

Variable	Weighted Ordered Probit estimates						WLS estimates
	Regression coefficient	Marginal effects
		Low	Basic	Moderate	Adequate	High
NAFCO	1.332*** (0.198)	−0.205*** (0.037)	−0.271*** (0.049)	0.029*** (0.009)	0.388*** (0.067)	0.118*** (0.038)	1.160*** (0.134)
Income	0.093*** (0.023)	−0.014*** (0.004)	−0.019*** (0.005)	0.002*** (0.001)	0.027*** (0.007)	0.008*** (0.003)	0.060*** (0.016)
Chn	−0.579*** (0.166)	0.089*** (0.027)	0.118*** (0.0037)	−0.012*** (0.005)	−0.168*** (0.052)	−0.051*** (0.018)	−0.431*** (0.130)
Edu	0.321** (0.162)	−0.049* (0.026)	−0.065* (0.034)	0.007* (0.004)	0.093* (0.048)	0.028* (0.015)	0.315** (0.127)
Gen	0.419** (0.166)	−0.064** (0.027)	−0.085** (0.035)	0.009** (0.004)	0.122** (0.050)	0.037** (0.017)	0.263** (0.133)
Mar	1.284*** (0.294)	−0.198*** (0.052)	−0.261*** (0.068)	0.028*** (0.010)	0.374*** (0.094)	0.113*** (0.035)	0.958*** (0.212)
HS	−0.103*** (0.040)	0.016** (0.006)	0.021** (0.009)	−0.002** (0.001)	−0.030** (0.012)	−0.009** (0.004)	−0.090*** (0.031)
ChnXInc	0.093*** (0.024)	−0.014*** (0.004)	−0.019*** (0.006)	0.002*** (0.001)	0.027*** (0.0	0.008*** (0.003)	0.075*** (0.018)
ChnXEdu	0.039*** (0.014)	−0.006*** (0.002)	−0.008*** (0.003)	0.001** (0.000)	0.011*** (0.004)	0.003*** (0.001)	0.029*** (0.011)
ChnXHS	0.027 (0.023)	−0.004 (0.004)	−0.005 (0.005)	0.001 (0.001)	0.008 (0.007)	0.002 (0.002)	0.022 (0.018)
Constant	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.151*** (0.408)
Threshold parameters
${\mu }_1$	0.894* (0.536),
${\mu }_2$	1.805*** (0.542
${\mu }_3$	2.592*** (0.552),
${\mu }_4$	4.011*** (0.576)
Log-likelihood	−315.47					F	43.70***
Wald Chi X^2	265.06***					R^2	0.616
Pseudo R^2	0.300					Adj R^2	0.601
	-					RMSE	0.901
Obs.	280					Obs.	280

Note. ***, **, *: significant at the 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 level, respectively. Standard errors are in parentheses.

Table

Ecological Zone	Policy-on/off	District	Communities
Guinea Savannah	Policy-off	Wa	Piisi and Tanvaari
		Tumu	Sakai and Wellembelle
		Jirapa	Baazu and Degri
	Policy-on	Damongo	Alhassan Kuraa and Attributo
		Nanton	Kanshegu and Mogla
		Bimbila	Afayili and Taali
Transitional zone	Policy-on	Bechem,	Ohia Animguasie and Terchire
		Wenchi	Ahyiaem and Wurompo
		Atebubu	Old Kokrompe and Ohia Animguasie
	Policy-off	Nkwanta	Kpala and Krumase
Rain Forest	Policy-off	Axim,	Wassa Agona and Wassa Simpa
		Juabeso,	Juaboso and Afia
		Tarkwa Nsuaem,	Wassa Agona and Wassa Simpa
		Kpando	Kpando Gadza and Sovie-Kudzra
Coastal Savanna	Policy-off	Keta	Bawe and Dekugbor

Table

A: Raw data
Variable	Mean of the control group	Mean of the treated group	Difference in means (I1)	Between-group difference in means per quantile
				min	25%	50%	75%	max
Gen	0.76	0.75	−0.014	0	−1	0	0	0
Mar	0.79	0.92	0.133	0	0	0	0	0
Edu	1.34	1.56	0.220	0	0	1	0	0
HH	6.41	6.28	−0.130	0	0	0	0	−3
Multivariate imbalance measure L1			0.395	-	-	-	-	-
After automated coarsening:
Variable		Difference in means (I1)		Between-group difference in means per quantile
				Min	25%	50%	75%	Max
Gen		−4.40E–16		0	0	0	0	0
Mar		−1.10E–16		0	0	0	0	0
Edu		−8.90E–16		0	0	0	0	0
HH		−0.029		0	0	0	0	0
Multivariate imbalance measure L1		0.168
				Policy-off		Policy-on
All				179		126
Match				155		109
Unmatched				24		17

Table

Dependent Variable: NHDDI level
Variable	Weighted Ordered Probit estimates						WLS estimates
	Regression coefficient.	Marginal effects
		Low	Basic	Moderate	Adequate	High
NAFCO	1.369*** (0.186)	−0.245*** (0.033)	−0.254*** (0.049)	0.036*** (0.010)	0.380*** (0.069)	0.129*** (0.031)	1.204*** (0.141)
Income	0.087*** (0.025)	−0.016*** (0.005)	−0.016*** (0.005)	0.002** (0.001)	0.024*** (0.007)	0.008*** (0.003)	0.056*** (0.017)
Chn	−0.634*** (0.190)	0.114*** (0.036)	0.118*** (0.039)	−0.017*** (0.006)	−0.176*** (0.057)	−0.060*** (0.022)	−0.451*** 0.147)
Edu	0.263 (0.168)	−0.047 (0.031)	−0.049 (0.032)	0.007 (0.005)	0.073 (0.048)	0.025 (0.016)	0.280** (0.135)
Gen	0.458*** (0.177)	−0.082** (0.033)	−0.085** (0.035)	0.012** (0.006)	0.127** (0.051)	0.043** (0.019)	0.265* (0.142)
Mar	1.277*** (0.329)	−0.229** (0.065)	−0.237*** (0.070)	0.034*** (0.012)	0.355*** (0.099)	0.120*** (0.039)	0.958*** (0.237)
HS	−0.226*** (0.065)	0.041*** (0.012)	0.042*** (0.013)	−0.006*** (0.002)	−0.063*** (0.019)	−0.021*** (0.008)	−0.168*** (0.048)
ChnXInc	0.083*** (0.025)	−0.015*** (0.005)	−0.015*** (0.005)	0.002*** (0.003)	0.023*** (0.007)	0.008*** (0.003)	0.068*** (0.019)
ChnXEdu	0.035** (0.014)	−0.006** (0.003)	−0.006** (0.003)	0.001* (0.000)	0.010** (0.004)	0.003** (0.002)	0.026** (0.011)
ChnXHS	0.037 (0.030)	−0.007	−0.007 (0.006)	0.001 (0.001)	0.010 (0.008)	0.004 (0.003)	0.023 (0.023)
Con	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.682*** (0.460)
Threshold parameters
${\mu }_1$							0.164 (0.607)
${\mu }_2$							1.008* (0.610)
${\mu }_3$							1.803*** (0.617
${\mu }_4$							3.129*** (0.634)
Log-likelihood	−296.87					F	40.74***
Wald Chi X^2	250.18					R^2	0.617
Pseudo R^2	0.297					Adj R^2	0.602
						RMSE	0.916
Obs.	264					Obs	264

***, **, *: statistically significant at 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 levels, respectively. Standard errors in parentheses, NAFCO is the treatment variable representing participation in the buffer stock operation.

Kiboi, W., Kimiywe, J., & Chege, P. (2017). Determinants of dietary diversity among pregnant women in Laikipia County, Kenya: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition, 3(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-017-0126-6

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