Are young maize and rice farmers’ profit efficient? A gender differential analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. SmartArt chart for the gender differential analysis in profit efficiency.

Table 1. Summary statistics of socioeconomic and financial factors for young male and female maize and rice producer-marketers

Variables	Maize								Rice
	Males				Females				Males				Females
	Min	Max	Mean	Std dev	Min	Max	Mean	Std dev	Min	Max	Mean	Std dev	Min	Max	Mean	Std dev
Cost of labour used in Fcfa	0	204500	32192.65	38556.5	0	375000	83086.04	74571.55	0	170000	29315.35	29052.5	0	105000	25264.44	24755.49
Cost of seeds used in Fcfa	0	30000	4860.323	5289.26	750	17500	3833.121	3037.303	1500	36000	8270.486	5730.613	600	36000	8300	4251.915
Cost of fertilizer used in Fcfa	0	555000	62630.99	60714.22	9500	114000	43812.1	21057.95	0	396000	80321.39	58500.97	0	396000	77771.43	57325.94
Cost of herbicides in Fcfa	0	144000	9257.719	10170.51	0	24000	8688.854	4618.173	0	150000	4724.306	9196.191	0	12000	3932.143	2375.846
Age of producers and marketers in years	22	40	35.08	12.85	18	39	32.03	9.24	21	40	38.75	13.56	22	40	36.06	10.74
Average Household size	2	22	7.728	4.76	2	15	5.59	4.10	3	14	7.75	4.46	2	16	6.2	3.09
Years of Experience in production and marketing	3	17	11.27	9.30	3	13	8.36	7.05	3	18	16.56	12.77	2	14	12.58	9.69
Years spent in school	0	18	7.85	4.28	0	16	6.16	3.72	0	16	6.88	3.98	0	15	6.17	4.28
Monthly income in Fcfa	1500	30000	22434.79	19904.67	1000	70000	19105.1	10238.98	2500	30000	37810.76	31796.33	2000	30000	28752.14	29298.03
Average Farm size in hectares	.45	4	2.14	2.36	.25	4	1.84	.901	.2	5.5	.83	.62	0.2	3	.76	.53
Level of Output harvested per hectare in bags (100kg)	800	14000	3233.45	3961.81	200	6000	2353.50	1269.84	800	24700	4062.15	2893.93	800	18000	3298.57	2365.24
Selling price of Maize in fcfa	100	250	144.75	57.65	100	220	139.17	20.75	100	400	133.94	57.82	100	400	160.35	63.15
Walking distance from farm gate to market in minutes	0	180	16.41	27.32	0	3600	38.59	51.04	0	90	25.32	14.96	0	120	24.5	15.27
Amount of credit received in Fcfa	0	250000	1728.11	17955.8	0	90000	872.61	8081.89	0	700000	21875	75991.41	0	200000	6214.28	29491.32
Cost of transport paid for Maize/Rice from farm gate to market	0	280000	14955.25	27307	0	55000	17152.87	13736.31	0	32000	19285.24	27741.59	2400	45000	15437.86	12012.14
Cost of Tax Paid per bag of Maize/Rice (100kg)	0	9500	1223.50	1856.47	0	13000	2046.49	1810.31	0	28000	3618.75	4537.09	0	28000	3712.14	4320.71

Table 2. Determinants of profit efficiency of young male and female maize and rice producer-marketers

Variables	Young male Maize producer-marketers		Young female Maize producer-marketers		Young male Rice producer-marketers		Young female Rice producer-marketers
	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value
Cost of seed	−.271***	0.000	−.353***	0.000	−.615***	0.000	−.105	0.301
Cost of fertilizer	−.014	0.680	−.130**	0.036	−.003	0.788	−.021	0.190
Cost of labour	−.029**	0.026	−.052***	0.000	−.0320***	0.000	−.073***	0.000
Cost of herbicides	−.079**	0.018	−.237***	0.009	.005	0.554	−.0002	0.992
Cost of transport	−.088**	0.012	−.262***	0.004	−.155***	0.000	−.460***	0.000
Tax paid	−.056	0.253	.081*	0.083	−.039***	0.000	−.108***	0.000
Selling price	1.201**	0.001	2.151***	0.000	.142	0.205	.683***	0.000
Inefficiency model
Age	.0117	0.919	−.537**	0.002	−.033	0.841	−.411	0.184
Years in school	−.059	0.323	−.274***	0.000	.028	0.451	−.058	0.315
Farming experience	−.036	0.620	.308**	0.005	−.091	0.140	.111	0.361
Household size	−.176**	0.041	−.118	0.142	−.179***	0.000	.010	0.891
Distance to market	−.275***	0.003	−.273***	0.000	−.192***	0.000	−.140	0.145
Variables	Young male Maize producer-marketers		Young female Maize producer-marketers		Young male Rice producer-marketers		Young female Rice producer-marketers
	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value
Amount of credit received	2.24e-06	0.320	−.00001***	0.001	2.01e-06**	0.030	1.46e-06	0.301
Membership of association	.098***	0.002	−.006	0.843	−.012	0.540	−.017	0.477
Constant	3.027	0.096	−.138	0.947	5.126	0.000	6.381	0.000
Usigma_cons	−.214	0.196	−.745	0.002	−.953	0.000	−1.593	0.000
Vsigma_cons	−.942	0.000	−2.274	0.000	−3.03	0.000	−2.558	0.000
sigma_u	.898***	0.000	.084***	0.000	.620***	0.000	.450***	0.000
sigma_v	.624***	0.000	.052***	0.000	.219***	0.000	.278***	0.000
Lambda	1.438***	0.000	.120***	0.000	2.825***	0.000	1.619***	0.000
Log-likelihood	−624.5482		−158.3571		−236.2196		−96.8337
LR test	64.73		24.41		42.96		23.88

*** and ** are significant at 1% and 5% respectively

Table 3. Profit efficiency estimates of young males and females rice and maize producer-marketers

Profit efficiency estimates	Young male Maize producer-marketers		Young female Maize producer-marketers		Young male Rice producer-marketers		Young female Rice producer-marketers
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	percentage
˂ 0.2	53	12.2	13	8.3	20	6.9	3	2.1
0.2–0.5	95	21.9	36	22.9	65	22.6	19	13.6
0.51–0.81	279	64.3	88	56.1	133	46.2	78	55.7
˃0.81	7	1.6	20	12.7	70	24.3	40	28.6
Total	434	100	157	100	288	100	140
Mean	.53		.59		.61		.69
Maximum	.89		.89		.93		.91
Minimum	8.15e-06		.007		.03		.07
Standard deviation	.20		.22		.23		.18

Table 4. Test of difference between profit efficiency of young males and females rice and maize producer-marketers in cameroon

Profit efficiency estimates	Young males and females’ maize producers-marketers			Young males and females rice producer-marketers
	t	df	Significance (2-tailed)	t	df	Significance (2-tailed)
Equal variances assumed	−3.294**	589	.001	−3.172**	426	.002
Equal variances not assumed	−3.158**	256.095	.002	−3.426**	337.155	.001

**is significant at 5%