Determinants of households’ energy consumption in Kebbi State Nigeria

Figures & data

Figure 1. Diagrammatic showcase of the energy ladder hypothesis.

Source: Authors’computation.

Table 1. Cronbach's alpha test result

Variable	Observation	Alpha
Price of biomass	386	0.9405
Price of charcoal	386	0.9409
Price of kerosene	386	0.9444
Price of LPG	386	0.9405
Price of electricity	386	0.9369
Family size	386	0.9367
Education (secondary)	386	0.9379
Education (post-secondary)	386	0.9395
Gender of household	386	0.9421
Age of household	386	0.9413
Monthly expenses	386	0.9405
Marital status	386	0.9409
Average monthly income	386	0.9444
Education	386	0.9367
Maximum education of household (Informal)	386	0.9379
Location of household	386	0.9395
Biomass usage	386	0.9443
Charcoal usage	386	0.9433
Kerosene usage	386	0.9446
LPG usage	386	0.9433
Electricity usage	386	0.9471
Consumption expenditure on energy	386	0.9453
Overall test scale		0.9453

Table 2. Model estimates for the determinants of household energy consumption

Variable	Household Consumption Expenditure on Energy	Electricity Usage	LPG Usage	Kerosene Usage	Charcoal Usage	Biomass Usage
Gender	0.002 (0.00194)		−0.023 (0.0146)	−0.005 (0.0036)		0.023 (0.093)
Income	0.039*** (0.01385)	0.002 (0.0354)	0.007 (0.0136)	0.001 (0.0037)	0.031*** (0.013)	−0.031 (0.0285)
Education	0.001*** (0.00042)	0.022*** (0.0084)	0.006*** (0.0015)	0.008*** (0.0019)	−0.002 (0.0041)	−0.029*** (0.0040)
Education (secondary)					−0.109** (0.0611)
Education (post-secondary)					−0.031 (0.0443)
Household location	0.002*** (0.00064)	0.025*** (0.0072)		0.018*** (0.0048)		−0.025*** (0.0043)
Monthly expenses	0.001 (0.00298)
Marital status	0.027*** (0.01081)	0.100 (0.3789)		0.060*** (0.0210)		0.145 (0.1024)
Age		−0.033** (0.0181)	0.065*** (0.0181)	−0.0010 (0.0038)	0.022 (0.030)	−0.063*** (0.0204)
Family size		0.025* (0.0150)	0.023** (0.0134)	−0.016*** (0.0035)	0.024*** (0.007)	0.021*** (0.0093)
Price of electricity		0.096 (0.2053)
Price of LPG			−0.085*** (0.0133)
Price of kerosene				−0.011*** (0.005)
Price of charcoal					0.003 (0.0152)
Price of biomass						0.158*** (0.038)
Constant	6.32e-06*** (8.81e-06)	0.088 (0.4193)	40.325*** (30.2054)	0.537** (0.1763)	1941.569* (10257.95)	0.018*** (0.0100)
Observation	386	386	386	386	386	386

Standard errors in parentheses, also ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of the responses of households head

Variables	Frequency (n=386)	Percentage
Gender
Male	294	76.19%
Female	89	23.06%
Unspecified	3	0.78%
Total	386	100%
Age
18–25	37	9.59%
26–35	78	20.21%
36–45	106	27.46%
46–55	104	26.94%
55 and above	61	15.80%
Total	386	100%
Education level
Secondary	197	51.04%
Post-Secondary	101	26.17%
Informal	88	22.80%
Total	386	100%
Household Size
1–3	53	13.73%
4–6	67	17.36%
7–9	118	30.57%
10 and above	148	38.34%
Total	386	100%
Income (in Naira amount)
0–30,000	263	68.13%
31,000–60,000	81	20.98%
61,000–100,000	23	5.96%
100,000 and above	17	4.40%
Unspecified	2	0.52%
Total	386	100%
Monthly Energy Expenditure (%)
<1 %	6	1.55%
1–5 %	96	24.87%
6–10 %	199	51.55%
10 % and Above	85	22.02%
Total	386	100%
Availability
Yes	190	49.23%
No	96	24.87%
Unspecified	100	25.91%
Total	386	100%
Affordability
Yes	221	57.25%
No	86	22.28%
Unspecified	79	20.47%
Total	386	100%
Reliability
Yes	149	38.60%
No	111	28.79%
Not Sure	98	25.39%
Unspecified	28	7.25%
Total	386	100%
Accessibility
Yes	281	72.80%
No	97	25.13%
Unspecified	8	2.07%
Total	386	100%

Source: Authors’computationusingStata15.