Measuring household social capital in rural Vietnam using MIMIC approach

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual framework.

Figure 2. The surveyed locations.

Source: Tarp (2017).

Table 1. Variable Description and Measurement

Model	Variable	Description & Measurement
Measurement model	Org_bonding_bridging	The hierarchy of organizations: a weighted sum of organization (standardized variable).
	Org _linking	The similarity of household’s relationships: a weighted sum of relationship (standardized variable).
	Net_bonding_bridging	the similarity of organizations: a weighted sum of organizations (standardized variable).
	Net _linking	the hierarchy of household’s relationships: a weighted sum of relationships (standardized variable).
Structure model	Social_activity	Total social Activities: This is a standardized variable representing the total amount of social activities.
	Social_cost	Total value of the social Cost: This is a standardized variable representing the total cost of social activities.

Table 2. Organization Paticipation

Year	The number of participating organizations (percent)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
2008	34.84	12.44	29.25	11.93	6.45	3.02	1.21	0.5	0.3	0.05	0
2010	30.77	15.31	26.79	13.75	8.26	2.87	1.21	0.6	0.35	0.1	0
2012	25.88	14.45	29.41	16.62	8.86	3.07	1.06	0.5	0.1	0	0.05
2014	23.82	16.01	29.51	17.32	8.06	3.02	1.16	0.76	0.1	0.15	0.1
2016	25.73	19.08	29.61	14.7	7.1	2.22	1.11	0.2	0.05	0.2	0
Total	28.21	15.46	28.91	14.86	7.74	2.84	1.15	0.51	0.18	0.1	0.03

Figure 3. The bonding-bridging and linking degree of organizations.

Table 3. The degree of social capital bonding-bridging of organizations

Organizations	Min	Mean	Median	Max	SD
Farmers’ Union	0	1.826	2	3	0.715
Irrigation Group	1	1.750	2	2	0.463
Business associations	0	1.722	2	2	0.575
Cooperative	0	1.674	2	3	0.790
Religion Groups	0	1.497	2	3	0.772
Youth Union	0	1.497	2	3	0.826
Others	0	1.420	1	3	0.739
Weman Union	0	1.415	1	3	0.776
Veterans Union	0	1.394	1	3	0.813
Old age Group	0	1.392	1	3	0.802
Sport Group	0	1.385	1	3	0.768
Party	0	1.290	1	3	0.805
Interest groups	0	1.286	1	3	0.815
Cross-Red	0	1.183	1	3	0.770
Microfinance – credit	0	1.167	1	3	0.983

Table 4. Households’ connections

The number of connections	The number of leader connections	Percentage (%)
Family member
0	no	94.16%
1	no	2.57%
1	yes	2.37%
2	no	0.55%
2	yes	0.35%
Family’s friends
0	no	77.14%
1	no	3.32 %
1	yes	2.37%
2	no	3.22%
2	yes	13.95%
Family’s relatives
0	no	84.39 %
1	no	9.52 %
1	yes	5.19%
2	no	0.76%
2	yes	0.15%

Figure 4. The bonding-bridging and linking degree overtime.

Table 5. Social activity and social Cost

Year	Min	Median	Mean	Maximum	Standard Deviation
Social Activity
2008	0	14	17.05	221	16.02
2016	0	15	16.87	112	11.21
Social Cost (thousand Vietnam Dong – VND)
2008	2	50	62.95	500	63.61
2016	40	300	1077.04	35000	3242.65

Table 6. MIMIC estimation

Model	Variable	Coeffients	Standard error	p value
Measurement model	Org_bonding_bridging	−0.2192	0.1023	0.032
	Org _linking	0.5123	0.1122	0.000
	Net_bonding_bridging	0.0952	0.0521	0.068
	Net _linking	0.1109	0.0515	0.031
Structure model	Social activity	0.4413	0.0464	0.000
	Social cost	0.1503	0.0184	0.000
Model indicators	Log LL = −60222.515 ^χ2(3) = 2.09, pvalue = 0.5538; RMSEA = 0.015 TLI =0.95, CFI = 0.99

Figure 5. MIMIC estimation.

Note: coefficient (p value).

Tarp, F. (2017). Growth, structural transformation, and rural change in Viet Nam: A rising dragon on the move. Oxford University Press. F. Tarp (ed.); Issue July. https://www.wider.unu.edu/event/growth-structural-transformation-and-rural-change-vietnam-rising-dragon-move

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