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General & Applied Economics | RESEARCH ARTICLE

Nexus between foreign direct investment, trade openness, and carbon emissions: fresh insights using innovative methodologies

, , , & ORCID Icon
Article: 2295721 | Received 16 Jan 2023, Accepted 22 Nov 2023, Published online: 17 Jan 2024

Figures & data

Table 1. Variables description.

Table 2. Variables descriptive statistics.

Figure 1. In 2010, the twenty industries' carbon emissions intensity.

Note: In , NMPI denotes the non-metallic mineral products industry, MSARPI is used for metal smelting and rolling processing industry, NMAOMADI stands for non-metallic mines and other mining and dressing industry, CMAWI for coal mining and washing industry, CI stands for the chemical industry, EAHPAS stands for energy and heat production and supply, PP stands for petroleum processing, and CANFPI is used for coking and nuclear fuel processing industry, MMI stands for metal mining industry, P,P,C,E,SGM denoted papermaking, printing, culture, education, and sports goods manufacturing, CAOM is used to denote crafts and other manufacturing (waste and scrap), OAGE stands for oil and gas extraction, MPI denoted Metal products industry, T, C, S, H, L, and DAP stand for textile, clothes, shoes, hats, leather, down, and by-products, WPAFTM is used to indicate Wood processing, and furniture manufacturing, FMATPI stands for Food Manufacturing and Tobacco Processing Industry, GASEM stands for general and special equipment manufacturing, TEM stands for transportation equipment manufacturing, EMAEM is used to show denotes electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing, IACOMM is used to show instrumentation and cultural office machinery manufacturing CE, CAOEEM denotes communication equipment, computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing.

Figure 1. In 2010, the twenty industries' carbon emissions intensity.Note: In Figure 1, NMPI denotes the non-metallic mineral products industry, MSARPI is used for metal smelting and rolling processing industry, NMAOMADI stands for non-metallic mines and other mining and dressing industry, CMAWI for coal mining and washing industry, CI stands for the chemical industry, EAHPAS stands for energy and heat production and supply, PP stands for petroleum processing, and CANFPI is used for coking and nuclear fuel processing industry, MMI stands for metal mining industry, P,P,C,E,SGM denoted papermaking, printing, culture, education, and sports goods manufacturing, CAOM is used to denote crafts and other manufacturing (waste and scrap), OAGE stands for oil and gas extraction, MPI denoted Metal products industry, T, C, S, H, L, and DAP stand for textile, clothes, shoes, hats, leather, down, and by-products, WPAFTM is used to indicate Wood processing, and furniture manufacturing, FMATPI stands for Food Manufacturing and Tobacco Processing Industry, GASEM stands for general and special equipment manufacturing, TEM stands for transportation equipment manufacturing, EMAEM is used to show denotes electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing, IACOMM is used to show instrumentation and cultural office machinery manufacturing CE, CAOEEM denotes communication equipment, computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing.

Table 3. Findings of unit root estimation.

Table 4. Panel data cointegration estimation.

Table 5. The panel regression approach selection estimation findings

Table 6. Fixed effect regression approach.

Table 7. Threshold influence’s self-sampling estimation.

Table 8. Threshold analysis findings.

Table 9. Threshold regression findings.

Table 10. Threshold influence’s self-sampling calculation

Table 11. Threshold estimated findings.

Supplemental material