Is climate finance aiding food security in developing countries? A focus on Sub-Sahara Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. PCA Result for Food Security.

Sub-component		Eigenvalue	Proportion	Cumulative
Availability
Average dietary energy supply adequacy	PC1	2.3473	46.95%	46.95%
Average value of food production	PC2	1.0673	21.35%	68.29%
Share of dietary energy supply derived from cereals, roots and tubers	PC3	0.8169	16.34%	84.63%
Average protein supply	PC4	0.5217	10.43%	95.07%
Average supply of protein of animal origin	PC5	0.2465	4.93%	100%
Access
Minimum dietary energy requirements	PC1	1.71652	57.22%	57.22%
Incidence of caloric losses at retail distribution	PC2	1.0113	33.71%	90.93%
GDP per capita (in purchasing power equivalent)	PC3	0.2721	9.075	100%
Stability
Cereal import dependency ratio	PC1	1.7298	28.83%	28.83%
Percent of arable land equipped for irrigation	PC2	1.1754	19.59%	48.42%
Value of food imports over total merchandise exports	PC3	1.0186	16.98%	65.40%
Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism	PC4	0.8263	13.77%	79.17%
Per capita food production variability	PC5	0.7869	13.12%	92.29%
Per capita food supply variability	PC6	0.4267	7.71%	100%
Utilization
People using at least basic drinking water services	PC1	2.4928	49.86%	49.86%
People using at least basic Sanitation services	PC2	1.3908	27.82%	77.67%
Prevalence of obesity in the adult population (18 years and older)	PC3	0.5531	11.06%	88.74%
Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (15–49 years)	PC4	0.3930	7.86%	96.60%
Prevalence of low birthweight	PC5	0.1700	3.40%	100%

Table 2. Summary statistics.

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev	Min	Max
Availability	359	8.41e-10	1.000003	−1.340236	3.047371
Access	407	−8.00e-10	1.000011	−.785265	3.894056
Stability	367	5.42e-11	1.000001	−1.935471	2.064715
Utilisation	262	2.36e-10	1.000001	−1.984648	1.675469
FSI	247	−6.71e-09	1	−1.342723	2.804812
AGR.LAND	406	48.09356	18.21883	8.154355	80.92054
GOV.READ	407	0.39783	0.114726	0.1724241	0.6685993
FDI	407	8.69e + 08	1.66e + 09	−7.12e + 09	1.00e + 10
AGR.GOV	393	6.054247	4.866872	0.4988956	28.88279
CF	344	355.6343	383.9299	2.186	2656.563
AGR.CAP	407	0.981361	0.030887	0.83717	0.999976
RURAL.POP	396	60.6413	16.3774	11.441	90.383

Table 3. Pairwise correlation.

	Avail	Access	Stabil	Util	FSI	AGL	GR	FDI	GASE	CF	ACAP	Rurpop
Avail.	1.0000
Access	0.3790	1.0000
Stabil.	0.7367	0.5100	1.000
Utilisat.	−0.3109	0.4545	0.2697	1.000
FSI	0.6588	0.7655	0.4698	0.153	1.000
AGR.LAND	−0.1190	−0.264	−0.362	0.094	0.350	1.000
GOV.READ	0.3363	0.5102	0.3586	−0.342	0.708	0.1893	1.000
FDI	0.0274	−0.270	0.1123	0.1686	0.223	0.2433	0.140	1.000
AGR.GOV	−0.1062	−0.285	−0.307	0.144	−0.416	−0.029	0.033	0.010	1.000
CF	0.0527	−0.376	−0.273	−0.178	−0.016	0.1297	0.017	0.221	0.366	1.000
AGR.CAP	−0.4566	−0.541	−0.196	−0.113	−0.622	−0.070	−0.347	−0.418	0.030	0.013	1.000
RURAL.POP	−0.1287	−0.384	−0.345	−0.321	−0.081	0.261	−0.105	−0.174	0.435	0.304	0.088	1.000

Table 4. SYS-GMM panel regression.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Variables	Availability	Access	Stability	Utilisation	Foodsecurity
Lag of dependent variable	0.479***	0.538	0.191***	1.538***	0.405
	(0.115)	(0.399)	(0.043)	(0.166)	(0.253)
logAGL	−1.402***	−2.518***	−0.0287*	0.1883***	0.115**
	(0.124)	(0.454)	(0.399)	(0.054)	(0.123)
logGR	1.131***	1.021***	0.505*	1.513***	2.897***
	(0.221)	(0.285)	(0.302)	(0.123)	(0.169)
logFDI	0.075**	0.315***	0.132**	0.042***	0.182***
	(0.036)	(0.795)	(0.063)	(0.016)	(0.035)
logGASE	−0.079	0.288***	−0.003*	0.055*	−0.269**
	(0.111)	(0.097)	(0.096)	(0.030)	(0.064)
logCF	0.211***	0.034	−0.144**	−0.115***	0.135***
	(0.037)	(0.064)	(0.066)	(0.027)	(0.033)
LogACAP	−12.388***	−13.775***	−4.960***	10.241***	−5.669***
	(1.287)	(1.398)	(1.721)	(3.594)	(0.961)
logRuralpop	−0.961***	−3.212***	−0.612*	−0.297***	0.825***
	(0.231)	(0.397)	(0.368)	(0.105)	(0.217)
Constant	6.501***	15.498***	0.489	2.914***	−5.033**
	(1.114)	(1.995)	(2.540)	(0.589)	(1.146)
AR(1)	0.100	0.335	0.323	0.603	0.710
AR(2)	0.243	0.681	0.922	0.234	0.165
Sargan Test	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000

Standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

Table 5. Panel Quantile Regression .

	Availability				Access				Stability
	25th	50th	75th	90th	25th	50th	75th	90th	25th	50th	75th	90th
LogAGL	−1.876***	0.768***	−0.588	0.644	−2.459**	−1.919*	−1.841*	−1.354*	−0.725	−0.55*	−0.6**	−0.42
	(0.208)	(0.246)	(0.432)	(0.542)	(1.101)	(1.092)	(1.022)	(0.759)	(0.806)	(0.302)	(0.248)	(0.323)
LogGR	2.655***	0.734	0.994**	0.007	0.797	0.837	1.81***	1.43***	0.614	0.544*	0.7***	0.37*
	(0.375)	(0.494)	(0.477)	(0.590)	(1.163)	(0.758)	(0.388)	(0.310)	(0.516)	(0.308)	(0.203)	(0.192)
LogFDI	0.190	0.080	0.102	−0.115	0.349*	0.262	0.306*	0.062	0.122	0.006	−0.05	−0.054
	(0.140)	(0.083)	(0.089)	(0.101)	(0.209)	(0.171)	(0.177)	(0.193)	(0.168)	(0.107)	(0.039)	(0.053)
logGASE	−0.526*	0.166	−0.119	−0.263	0.345	0.626***	0.407	0.191	−0.151	−0.3**	−0.4***	−0.4***
	(0.306)	(0.421)	(0.334)	(0.265)	(0.225)	(0.221)	(0.369)	(0.365)	(0.251)	(0.161)	(0.096)	(0.125)
LogCF	0.237***	0.237***	0.146*	−0.017*	−0.063*	0.005*	−0.032*	0.030*	−0.054	0.026	−0.011	−0.09**
	(0.050)	(0.050)	(0.077)	(0.132)	(0.225)	(0.124)	(0.171)	(0.181)	(0.109)	(0.094)	(0.055)	(0.046)
LogACAP	−8.937***	−12.2***	−6.01**	−3.112	−17.2***	−15.1***	−7.44***	−6.38***	−7.5**	−3.8**	−0.658	−2.06***
	(1.238)	(2.296)	(2.204)	(2.288)	(4.409)	(3.907)	(2.201)	(1.582)	(3.238)	(1.558)	(0.671)	(0.781)
logRuralpop	−1.012**	−1.012**	−0.235	0.368	−4.05***	−3.54***	−2.301**	−1.966**	−1.234	−0.851	−0.021	−0.251
	(0.462)	(0.462)	(0.687)	(0.656)	(0.957)	(1.089)	(0.958)	(0.963)	(0.995)	(0.602)	(0.259)	(0.244)
Constant	3.752**	3.752*8	1.246	−0.856	17.28***	14.882	10.81***	12.41***	5.278	6.037	4.777	5.16***
	(1.509)	(1.509)	(2.665)	(2.509)	(4.187)	(5.201)	(3.648)	(2.896)	(6.357)	(2.917)	(1.430)	(1.792)
	Utilisation				Foodsecurity
	25th	50th	75th	90th	25th	50th	75th	90th
LogAGL	−0.073	−0.104	−0.026	0.085	0.278	0.729*	0.985**	1.038***
	(0.305)	(0.124)	(0.124)	(0.140)	(0.601)	(0.426)	(0.396)	(0.379)
LogGR	1.227***	0.89**	0.48*	0.59**	3.24***	2.4***	1.87***	1.53***
	(0.312)	(0.362)	(0.275)	(0.270)	(0.785)	(0.483)	(0.406)	(0.517)
LogFDI	0.075	0.061	0.009	0.004	0.15*	0.069	0.021	0.023
	(0.073)	(0.040)	(0.034)	(0.042)	(0.079)	(0.057)	(0.044)	(0.542)
logGASE	0.241**	0.276***	0.03**	0.23**	−0.314	−0.209	−8.25***	0.101
	(0.104)	0.085	(0.119)	(0.111)	(0.227)	(0.179)	(1.651)	(0.187)
LogCF	−0.275***	−0.23***	−0.1***	−0.058	0.073	0.084*	0.051	0.051
	(0.068)	(0.049)	(0.039)	(0.060)	(0.057)	(0.048)	(0.056)	(0.058)
LogACAP	−15.068	−13.665	−5.830	13.109	−6.524*	−7.91***	−8.25***	−7.481**
	(13.323)	(8.554)	(8.279)	(10.592)	(3.629)	(1.817)	(1.651)	(0.058)
logRuralpop	−0.224	−0.508*	−0.9***	−1.02***	−0.027**	−0.024	−0.018	0.081
	(0.915)	(0.262)	(0.250)	(0.188)	(0.649)	(0.462)	(0.468)	(0.518)
Constant	1.296	2.393*	4.322	4.415	−2.698	−3.43**	−3.63***	−4.48***
	(3.564)	(1.336)	0.976	(0.879)	(1.979)	(1.445)	(1.307)	(1.619)

Standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.