Educational empowerment: evolution, innovations and challenges of educational financing in commercial banks

Figures & data

Table 1. Trends in growth of higher education in India.

Year	Central universities	State universities	Deemed-to-be universities	Institutes of National Importance	Private universities	Total colleges	Total enrolments (in millions)	G.E.R (%)
1990–1991	10	137	28	9	NA	5748	4.9	5.9
1991–1992	10	139	31	10	NA	6008	5.2	6.0
1992–1993	10	142	31	10	NA	6323	5.5	NA
1993–1994	10	150	33	10	NA	6764	5.8	8.8
1994–1995	11	154	36	11	4	7319	6.1	NA
1995–1996	12	154	37	11	4	7923	6.5	5.5
1996–1997	14	152	38	11	4	9940	6.8	6.2
1997–1998	16	156	39	11	4	10678	7.2	6.5
1998–1999	16	160	40	11	5	11089	7.7	9.0
1999–2000	16	167	42	11	5	11831	8.0	10.0
2000–2001	17	172	46	12	5	12806	8.4	9.5
2001–2002	18	178	52	12	4	13150	8.9	9.6
2002–2003	18	183	74	13	8	15343	9.5	10.1
2003–2004	18	190	86	13	9	12178	10.2	10.6
2004–2005	18	203	96	13	9	17625	11.0	10.9
2005–2006	20	217	102	13	10	18064	11.5	10.7
2006–2007	21	219	110	18	11	19000	13.1	12.4
2007–2008	28	222	109	33	16	20677	14.4	13.1
2008–2009	40	255	125	38	28	22000	16.0	13.7
2009–2010	40	243	130	41	53	25951	17.2	15.0
2010–2011	41	281	115	58	87	32974	27.5	19.4
2011–2012	42	286	117	59	105	34852	29.2	20.8
2012–2013	42	292	116	62	122	35525	30.2	21.5
2013–2014	42	309	116	68	153	36634	32.3	23.0
2014–2015	43	316	111	75	181	38498	34.2	24.3
2015–2016	44	342	122	75	198	39071	34.6	24.5
2016–2017	44	345	112	100	233	40026	35.7	25.2
2017–2018	45	351	113	101	262	39527	36.6	25.8
2018–2019	47	385	124	127	305	40489	37.4	26.3
2019–2020	48	386	126	135	327	42343	38.5	27.1
2020–2021	54	437	126	149	388	43796	41.4	27.3

Source: University Grants Commission (UGC.) Annual Reports of Various Years, AISHE Reports of Various Years, Ministry of Education, GOI., New Delhi.

Table 2. Trends in gross enrolment ratio (GER) of higher education in India (in percent).

Year	Male	Female	Total GER
1990–1991	NA	NA	NA
2001–2002	9.3	6.7	9.6
2002–2003	10.3	7.5	10.1
2003–2004	10.6	7.7	10.6
2004–2005	11.6	8.2	10.9
2005–2006	13.5	9.4	10.7
2006–2007	14.5	10.0	12.4
2007–2008	15.2	10.7	13.1
2008–2009	15.8	11.4	13.7
2009–2010	17.1	12.7	15.0
2010–2011	20.8	17.9	19.4
2011–2012	22.1	19.4	20.8
2012–2013	22.7	20.1	21.5
2013–2014	23.9	22.0	23.0
2014–2015	24.5	22.7	23.6
2015–2016	25.4	23.5	24.5
2016–2017	26.0	24.5	25.2
2017–2018	26.3	25.4	25.8
2018–2019	26.3	26.4	26.3
2019–2020	26.9	27.3	27.1
2020–2021	26.7	27.9	27.3

Source: University Grants Commission (UGC) Annual Reports of Various Years, and AISHE Reports of Various Years, New Delhi.

Table 3. Trends in growth of public expenditure on education in India.

Year	As % of G.D.P.	As % of Total Budgetary Expenditure	As % of Social Services
1990–1991	3.8	13.3	51.4
1991–1992	3.8	13.1	50.6
1992–1993	3.7	13.1	50.3
1993–1994	3.6	12.9	50.0
1994–1995	3.6	12.9	49.7
1995–1996	3.6	13.3	49.4
1996–1997	3.5	13.3	49.6
1997–1998	3.4	13.0	49.8
1998–1999	3.6	14.2	50.2
1999–2000	4.4	17.0	50.7
2000–2001	4.1	16.7	50.9
2001–2002	3.6	12.8	49.4
2002–2003	3.6	12.6	48.0
2003–2004	3.4	12.4	48.8
2004–2005	3.2	11.2	19.9
2005–2006	3.3	11.2	21.1
2006–2007	3.4	11.7	21.6
2007–2008	3.4	11.4	43.9
2008–2009	3.6	10.1	42.6
2009–2010	3.9	11.2	44.1
2010–2011	4.0	11.8	46.1
2011–2012	3.8	13.6	47.2
2012–2013	3.7	11.7	46.6
2013–2014	3.8	14.1	46.7
2014–2015	4.0	10.9	44.0
2015–2016	4.2	16.3	42.8
2016–2017	4.2	17.2	41.8
2017–2018	3.8	13.5	42.4
2018–2019	3.9	10.4	41.2
2019–2020	4.1	15.0	42.5
2020–2021	4.3	12.8	38.9

Source: UNESCO, World Bank, Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education of Various Years and Economic Survey of Various Years, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

Table 4. Trends in public expenditures on higher education in India as a percentage of GDP and percentage of total budgetary expenditure on education.

Year	Expenditure on Higher Education (As % of G.D.P.)	Expenditure on Higher Education (As % of Total Budgetary Expenditure on Education)
1990–1991	0.46	11.30
1991–1992	0.42	10.80
1992–1993	0.41	10.80
1993–1994	0.40	11.00
1994–1995	0.37	10.81
1995–1996	0.35	10.14
1996–1997	0.33	9.80
1997–1998	0.34	11.80
1998–1999	0.37	11.90
1999–2000	0.45	12.70
2000–2001	0.46	14.60
2001–2002	0.39	12.89
2002–2003	0.40	12.60
2003–2004	0.35	11.98
2004–2005	0.32	12.13
2005–2006	0.32	12.73
2006–2007	1.14	13.29
2007–2008	1.09	13.32
2008–2009	1.17	13.63
2009–2010	1.20	11.96
2010–2011	1.29	12.79
2011–2012	1.23	12.91
2012–2013	1.19	12.59
2013–2014	1.26	13.87
2014–2015	1.22	12.74
2015–2016	0.65	12.85
2016–2017	0.64	12.74
2017–2018	0.49	10.04
2018–2019	0.52	12.07
2019–2020	0.61	12.47
2020–2021	0.62	11.86

Source: Calculated from Selected Educational Statistics and Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education of Various Years, Ministry of Education, GOI, New Delhi.

Table 5. Trends in growth and performance of educational loans scheme under public sector banks in India.

Year	Number of accounts	Outstanding amount (₹ In crore)	Year on year growth (%)
31st March 2005	468,207	6,713	47.54
31st March 2006	679,945	10,012	49.14
31st March 2007	944,397	14,283	42.65
31st March 2008	1,246,870	19,847	38.75
31st March 2009	1,603,385	27,646	39.51
31st March 2010	1,928,350	35,628	29.81
31st March 2011	2,237,031	43,074	20.03
31st March 2012	2,460,493	49,069	13.92
31st March 2013	2,509,465	53,520	9.07
31st March 2014	2,572,716	58,256	8.84
31st March 2015	2,568,586	61,967	6.37
31st March 2016	2,502,183	65,464	5.64
31st March 2017	2,484,349	68,783	5.50
31st March 2018	2,307871	62,456	1.11
31st March 2019	2,194,977	72,800	2.55
31st March 2020	2,016,525	75,939	3.36
31st March 2021	1,878,866	77,902	3.00

Source: Figures taken from Department of Financial Services, Annual Report, Various Years, I.B.A. Report, Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India.

Table 6. Streamwise distribution of educational loans in India.

Streams	Amount of loan (crores)	Amount of N.P.A.s (crores)	Non-performing assets as a percentage
Medical	10,147	633	6.2
Engineering	33,316	4042	12.1
Nursing	3675	520.2	14.1
MBA	9541	685.5	7.2
Others	28,286	2383	8.4
Total	84,965	8263	9.7

Source: SLBC April-December 2020 and Times of India 22nd March 2021.

Table 7. Bankwise distribution of total number of educational loan accounts.

Name of bank	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	Mean value	Mean Rank
State Bank of India	480922	512716	568817	593474	604339	552054	1
Canara Bank	296373	292000	274867	250374	217434	266210	2
Indian Overseas Bank	241369	230597	231457	220626	201285	225067	3
Indian Bank	165172	159489	173748	180637	204691	176747	4
Punjab National Bank	158735	156529	157314	157813	155879	157254	5
Bank of India	135065	135205	135429	134540	122839	132616	6
Central Bank of India	128780	125793	126692	123328	109762	122871	7
Syndicate Bank	119008	112662	114362	116541	113138	115142	8
Union Bank of India	102509	97978	98811	94211	90807	96863	9
State Bank of Travancore	73818	87169	90955	105125	109705	93354	10
Bank of Baroda	81960	82697	87835	89243	88743	86096	11
Andhra Bank	51334	55063	56036	57965	61542	56388	12
UCO Bank	53367	53969	55496	54303	50571	53541	13
Corporation Bank	53672	53952	53254	52371	49897	52629	14
Allahabad Bank	48989	49011	49015	49467	47610	48818	15
State Bank of Hyderabad	43221	47386	49203	50664	51425	48380	16
Oriental Bank of Commerce	45076	46092	47292	48085	48449	46999	17
Vijaya Bank	51423	47867	42297	38013	34393	42799	18
Bank of Maharashtra	30490	30554	29516	29876	27218	29531	19
State Bank of Mysore	27806	28972	29334	29897	29883	29178	20
State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur	18372	19873	21398	22363	22449	20891	21
United Bank of India	16629	17676	20221	24196	23285	20401	22
Dena bank	18126	18948	18640	17235	15391	17668	23
State Bank of Patiala	15372	15897	16082	15814	15020	15637	24
IDBI Bank	19072	16932	13635	9440	6707	13157	25
Punjab and Sind Bank	7306	6868	6717	7109	7003	7001	26
State Bank of Indore	669.98	669.98	669.98	669.98	669.98	670	27
Bhartiya Mahila Bank	383	288	163	6	Nil	210	28

Source: Annual Reports from Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

Table 8. Bankwise distribution of total number of educational loan outstanding amount (in crores).

Name of bank	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	Mean value	Mean rank
State Bank of India	15706	15177	15464	14740	13753	14968.03	1
Canara Bank	7092	6738	5524	4746	4267	5673.33	2
Punjab National Bank	4811	4799	4397	4258	3588	4370.56	3
Indian Overseas Bank	4655	4409	3958	3597	2978	3919.49	4
Indian Bank	3617	2893	3288	3452	3650	3380.07	5
Central Bank of India	3902	3742	3443	3088	2527	3340.40	6
Bank of India	3275	3093	2918	2652	2412	2869.99	7
Syndicate Bank	3027	2986	2745	2768	2556	2816.34	8
Union Bank of India	2930	2739	2481	2219	2082	2490.07	9
State Bank of Travancore	1973	2109	2276	2475	2394	2245.43	10
Bank of Baroda	2121	2054	2098	2062	1970	2061.04	11
Andhra Bank	2406	1831	1821	1511	1427	1799.07	12
Corporation Bank	1572	1681	1360	1252	1150	1403.03	13
Allahabad Bank	1531	1463	1405	1347	1262	1401.39	14
State Bank of Hyderabad	1500	1472	1306	1185	1123	1317.31	15
UCO Bank	1374	1456	1319	1262	1141	1310.25	16
Oriental Bank of Commerce	1379	1347	1314	1271	1227	1307.61	17
Vijaya Bank	1281	1091	903	760	670	941.06	18
Bank of Maharashtra	870	804	703	637	553	713.38	19
State Bank of Indore	670	670	670	670	670	669.98	20
State Bank of Mysore	734	703	657	628	614	667.28	21
United Bank of India	463	477	489	531	552	502.21	22
State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur	477	501	508	515	501	500.40	23
State Bank of Patiala	545	524	500	448	405	484.40	24
IDBI Bank	737	692	428	254	171	456.41	25
Dena bank	507	430	420	364	328	409.83	26
Punjab and Sind Bank	287	246	240	232	219	244.83	27
Bhartiya Mahila Bank	11	9	3	Nil	Nil	5.7275	28

Source: Annual Reports from Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

Data availability

The data will be made available on request from the corresponding author.