The effect of intracortical bone pin on shoulder kinematics during dynamic activities

Figures & data

Table 1. Range of motion for thoracohumeral and scapulothoracic rotations during SKIN and PIN sessions

	Thoracohumeral			Scapulothoracic
		)Abduction (°	Flexion (°)		Abduction (°)	Flexion (°)
Subject 1	Plane of elevation	39.5 ± 6.6	33.2 ± 6.0	Anterior/posterior tilt	28.4 ± 1.2	30.9 ± 2.6
		19.7 ± 5.8	25.0 ± 5.2		21.4 ± 2.6	29.0 ± 1.5
	Elevation/depression	130.5 ± 1.4	129.6 ± 2.1	Medial/lateral rotation	48.4 ± 2.9	51.9 ± 1.7
		113.9 ± 4.7	121.4 ± 2.4		45.2 ± 3.4	46.4 ± 3.3
	Axial rotation	52.5 ± 9.9	45.8 ± 10.4	Protraction/retraction	14.8 ± 2.1	25.6 ± 1.5
		18.4 ± 8.5	31.2 ± 8.4		6.6 ± 0.9	11.3 ± 1.0
Subject 2	Plane of elevation	33.0 ± 12.9	30.8 ± 3.4	Anterior/posterior tilt	19.1 ± 4.0	26.2 ± 2.4
		13.1 ± 4.0	32.4 ± 8.0		12.0 ± 1.1	25.3 ± 2.7
	Elevation/depression	130.0 ± 2.8	132.8 ± 1.8	Medial/lateral rotation	43.1 ± 1.9	47.1 ± 2.1
		99.0 ± 4.8	110.7 ± 5.8		32.9 ± 3.9	32.3 ± 2.4
	Axial rotation	36.0 ± 16.1	39.0 ± 14.0	Protraction/retraction	14.8 ± 1.5	14.8 ± 1.3
		39.8 ± 5.2	20.2 ± 9.4		10.8 ± 0.5	11.8 ± 1.0
Subject 3	Plane of elevation	16.8 ± 0.2	129.6 ± 6.4	Anterior/posterior tilt	5.7 ± 1.0	18.6 ± 3.8
		14.6 ± 1.7	33.1 ± 5.2		12.9 ± 0.9	23.5 ± 1.6
	Elevation/depression	85.0 ± 5.8	69.4 ± 14.6	Medial/lateral rotation	20.4 ± 0.9	19.7 ± 7.8
		89.5 ± 2.2	92.2 ± 3.0		30.3 ± 0.7	28.3 ± 0.3
	Axial rotation	9.1 ± 1.9	22.3 ± 2.8	Protraction/retraction	5.4 ± 0.4	23.9 ± 3.4
		26.7 ± 0.3	27.7 ± 5.2		11.7 ± 1.0	20.6 ± 2.3

The range of motion is shown for three degrees of freedom of both throacohumeral and scapulothoracic. For each degree of freedom, the first value (black) shows the SKIN session and the second value (blue) shows the PIN session.

Table 2. The maximum value of SHRand its corresponding thoracohumeral elevation during SKIN and PIN sessions

	Subject 1		Subject 2		Subject 3
	SKIN	PIN	SKIN	PIN	SKIN	PIN
	Maximum SHR (corresponding thoracohumeral elevation °)
Abduction	2.7 ± 0.2 (140.9 ± 31.9°)	2.7 ± 0.1 (65.3 ± 28.2°)	3.8 ± 0.3 (99.6 ± 35.2°)	3.8 ± 0.5 (82.2 ± 11.9°)	12.4 ± 1.6 (98.6 ± 5.0°)	2.9 ± 0.0 (98.5 ± 13.6°)
Adduction	2.6 ± 0.1 (149.5 ± 2.5°)	2.4 ± 0.1 (126.4 ± 23.9°)	4.1 ± 0.4 (69.7 ± 8.5°)	3.6 ± 0.2 (86.3 ± 18.3°)	14.1 ± 1.2 (95.3 ± 3.8°)	3.0 ± 0.0 (108.3 ± 0.2°)
Flexion	2.5 ± 0.0 (132.7 ± 6.8°)	2.6 ± 0.1 (140.5 ± 2.8°)	3.9 ± 0.6 (59.4 ± 22.8°)	3.2 ± 0.2 (125.9 ± 6.4°)	4.8 ± 1.1 (99.1 ± 10.9°)	4.2 ± 0.4 (38.8 ± 8.6°)
Extension	2.5 ± 0.0 (134.6 ± 6.2°)	2.6 ± 0.1 (141.1 ± 3.3°)	5.9 ± 1.6 (44.4 ± 17.3°)	3.3 ± 0.2 (113.4 ± 32.5°)	4.8 ± 1.3 (100.8 ± 12.9°)	3.6 ± 0.1 (78.4 ± 39.0°)

Abduction: elevation in frontal plane; adduction: depression in frontal plane; flexion: elevation in sagittal plane; extension: depression in sagittal plane.

All the values are reported as mean ± SD of all available trials for each task.

SKIN: session before bone-pin insertion; PIN: session after bone-pin insertion; SHR: scapulohumeral rhythm; SD: standard deviation.

Figure 1. Thoracohumeral and scapulothoracic kinematics during arm elevation/depression in frontal plane (abduction) and sagittal plane (flexion) for each subject. Dotted line shows the SKIN session and filled line shows the PIN session. Thick lines show the mean value and the shaded areas show standard deviation. SKIN/PIN: session before/after bone-pin insertion

Figure 2. SHR during arm elevation/depression in frontal (left) and sagittal (right) plane. Blue shows elevation, red depression, dotted lines SKIN session and filled lines PIN session. Thick lines show the mean value and the shaded areas show standard deviation. SKIN/PIN: session before/after bone-pin insertion

Figure 3. Non-parametric paired t-test analysis for comparing SHRduring arm elevation/depression in frontal (left) and sagittal (right) plane. Red shows SKIN session and blue shows PIN session. Thick lines show the mean value and the shaded areas show standard deviation. SKIN/PIN: session before/after bone-pin insertion