The effect of antimicrobial additives on the properties of dental glass-ionomer cements: a review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Chorhexidine.

Figure 2. Cetyl pyridinium chloride.

Figure 3. Benzalkonium chloride.

Figure 4. Cetrimide.

Table 1. Effect of antimicrobial additives on the setting and strength properties of glass-ionomer cements.

Cement	Additive	Amount/%	Working time/min	Compressive strength, 24 h/MPa	Ref.
Experimental	Chlorhexidine diacetate	11.30/11.44	2.8	269.0	[23]
			3.6	125.5
Chemflex	Chlorhexidine diacetate	0	2.4	221.1	[22]
		0.5	2.4	213.6
		1.25	2.5	175.1
		2.50	2.5	177.9
Chemflex	Chlorhexidine digluconate	0.5	2.6	219.8	[22]
		1.25	2.6	207.6
		2.50	3.2	211.6
Chemflex	Benzalkonium chloride	1.0	5.0	129.6	[24]
		2.0	5.8	122.0
		3.0	5.8	96.6
Chemflex	Cetylpyridinium chloride	1.0	4.5	101.7	[24]
		2.0	4.8	73.4
		3.0	3.8	66.4

Table 2. Zones of inhibition (mm) around glass-ionomers loaded with and without chlorhexidine digluconate (Standard deviations in parentheses) [30].

Cement formulation	1 day	7 days	14 days
Fuji II only	15.00 (0.67)	11.00 (0.00)	11.00 (0.00)
Fuji II + CG	25.50 (1.27)	23.520 (1.23)	20.20 (1.32)
Fuji IX only	13.60 (0.52)	11.00 (0.00)	11.00 (0.00)
Fuji IX + CG	24.70 (0.95)	22.80 (0.63)	19.70 (1.25)

Table 3. Effect of including chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in Ketac Molar Easymix (3M ESPE, Germany) [34].

Cement formulation	Setting time/min	Surface hardness/VHN	Tensile bond strength/MPa	Zone of inhibition, L. casei	Zone of inhibition, S. mutans
KME only	5.15	33.40	10.46	0	0
KME +0.5% CHX	6.10	32.91	8.05	15.07	13.85
KME +1.0% CHX	6.65	27.89	8.33	15.11	13.74
KME +2.0% CHX	10.15	14.41	5.65	15.45	14.21

Table 4. Effects of organic additives on a glass-ionomer cement [40].

Cement	Additive	Amount	Working time/min	Compressive strength, 24 h/MPa
Aquacem	Water-activated only	0	3.6	230
	Methanol	1:1 (v:v)	12.8	170
	2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate	1:1 (v:v)	6.6	147

Table 5. Effect of ionic compounds in 1 mol dm⁻³ solutions on the setting and strength properties of water-activated glass-ionomer cements [4,422].

Cement	Additive	Working time/min	Compressive strength, 24 h/MPa
Aquakent	None	3.6	95.2
	NaCl	3.3	87.2
	NaF	4.1	89.2
	Na2SO4	4.7	56.8
Aquacem	None	4.2	94.3
	NaCl	4.2	59.8
	KCl	4.4	65.8
	KBr	4.2	67.0

Figure 5. Fusidic acid.

Palmer G, Jones FH, Billington RW, et al. Chlorhexidine release from an experimental glass ionomer cement. Biomaterials. 2004;25:5423–5431.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Takahashi Y, Imazato S, Kaneshiro AV, et al. Antibacterial effects and physical properties of glass-ionomer cements containing chlorhexidine for the ART approach. Dent Mater. 2006;22:647–652.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dimkov A, Nicholson JW, Gjorgievska E, et al. Compressive strength and setting time determination of glass-ionomer cements incorporated with cetylypyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride. Contrib Sec Biol Med Sci Macedonian Acad Sci Arts. 2012;33:243–263.

 Google Scholar

Yadiki JV, Jampanapalli SR, Konda S, et al. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of glass ionomer cements with and without chlorhexidine gluconate. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2016;9:99–103.

 Google Scholar

Duque C, Aida KL, Pereira JA, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of glass-ionomer cement containing chlorhexidine for atraumatic restorative treatment. J Appl Oral Sci. 2017;25:541–550.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Anstice HM, Nicholson JW. Studies in the setting of polyelectrolyte materials, Part 2: The effect of organic compounds on a glass polyalkenoate cement. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1994;5:299–302.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hill RG, Wilson AD. Some structural aspects of glasses used in ionomer cements. Glass Technol. 1988;29:150–188.

 Google Scholar