Cadmium biosorption: Lake waters in Bengaluru-mitigation of cadmium-induced oxidative stress by Selaginella bryopteris

Figures & data

Figure 1. Biosorption of Cadmium by various grades of ground Selaginella bryopteris.

Figure 2. FTIR spectrum of Selaginella bryopteris fine ground powder.

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscopy images of Selaginella bryopteris.

Figure 4. Optimization of physicochemical factors for biosorption of Cadmium.

Table 1. Optimum parameters for biosorption of Cd²⁺ by Selaginella bryopteris.

Parameters	pH	Temperature	Dosage	Contact time
Optimum value	6–8	40°C	1 g	60 minutes

Table 2. COD levels of treated and untreated samples.

	Sample 1 DW blank	Sample 2 Sewage water raw	Sample 3 Sewage water filtered	Sample 4 Lake water untreated	Sample 5 Lake water Selaginella treated
COD (mg/L)	-	60	40	32	0

Table 3. BOD levels of treated and untreated samples.

	Control		Samples
	Sample 1 Sewage water raw	Sample 2 Sewage water filtered	Sample 3 Lake water before treatment	Sample 4 Lake water treated with Selaginella
Day 1	7.9	8	7.3	5.7
Day 5	5.9	6.9	7.1	-
BOD (mg/L)	40	2	-	-

Table 4. AAS results of treated and untreated lake water sample: BDL indicates below detection levels (<0.044ng/L or < 0.044 × 10⁻³ ppm).

	Madiwala lake (mg/L)	Puttenahalli lake (mg/L)	Hulimavu lake (mg/L)
Untreated Lake water	BDL	0.006	0.007
Treated Lake water	BDL	BDL	BDL

Figure 5. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide by methanolic extract of S. bryopteris and standard (Rutin).

Figure 6. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by S.Bryopteris extract and Vitamin E as standard.

Figure 7. DPPH assay using ethanolic extract of S. bryopteris and α-tocopherol.

Figure 8. Fly survival curve of Cadmium exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.

Figure 9. Negative Geotaxis assay for behavioral disorder in Drosophila melanogaster.

Figure 10. Catalase assay in brain samples of Drosophila before and after exposure to biosorbent in water containing various concentrations of Cadmium (II).

Figure 11. Protein Carbonyls in brain samples of Drosophila before and after exposure to biosorbent in water containing various concentrations of Cadmium (II).