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Articles

Maps of Daesh: The Cartographic Warfare Surrounding Insurgent Statehood

Pages 196-219 | Received 23 Mar 2017, Accepted 22 Aug 2017, Published online: 21 Dec 2017
 

Abstract

The ongoing Syrian civil war raises new cartographic challenges, including the ethical question of how the self-proclaimed Islamic State should be represented. Based on a comparative study, this article investigates the visual languages of IS sanctuary maps as published by news agencies, intelligence agencies, or circulated by the insurgents themselves. I argue that the statehood of territory held by the IS is symbolically contested through cartographic choices that reflect the diverging interests of the map makers. Beyond official representations, the article also considers the maps created by amateur conflict mappers and visual forensics experts, who extract and cross-reference information from social media including posted cell phone and drone footage, georeferenced tweets, and satellite images. I argue that the novel visual strategies developed by these practitioners for presenting visual evidence emphasize nonrepresentational aspects of cartography and represent a countermodel to established cartographic languages that follows an indexical rather than iconic or symbolic paradigm.

<AB>叙利亚持续进行的内战,带来了崭新的製图挑战,包括自我宣称的伊斯兰国如何被再现之道德问题。本文根据比较研究,探讨由崭新的行动者和情报单位所生产的、或由叛乱者所流通的IS神圣地图的视觉语言。我主张,IS的领土国家性,透过反映製图者不同利益的製图选择,进行象徵性地争夺。除了官方再现之外,本文同时考量由业馀的冲突製图者和视觉鑑定专家所绘製的地图,这些人从包含上传的手机与无人机镜头、地理标示的推文,以及卫星影像等社交媒体取得相互参照的信息。我主张,这些从业者所发展出的呈现视觉证据的崭新视觉策略,强调製图的非再现面向,并呈现了建立遵循索引而非符号或象徵性范式的製图语言之反对模型。</AB>

La guerra civil que ocurre actualmente en Siria genera nuevos retos cartográficos, incluyendo la cuestión ética sobre cómo debería representarse el autodenominado Estado Islámico. Con base en un estudio comparativo, este artículo investiga los lenguajes visuales de mapas de los santuarios del EI publicados por las agencias de noticias y las oficinas de inteligencia, o los que han sido divulgados por los propios insurgentes. Considero que la categoría de estado reclamada para el territorio controlado por el EI es disputada simbólicamente por medio de opciones cartográficas que reflejan los intereses divergentes de los cartógrafos. Más allá de las representaciones oficiales, el artículo también toma en cuenta los mapas del conflicto diseñados por cartógrafos aficionados y expertos visuales forenses, quienes extraen y refieren información de los medios sociales, incluso el correo de teléfonos celulares y rodaje fílmico de drones, tuits georreferenciados e imágenes satelitales. Arguyo que las novedosas estrategias visuales desarrolladas por estos practicantes para presentar evidencia visual enfatizan los aspectos no representacionales de la cartografía y son un anti-modelo para los lenguajes cartográficos establecidos que siguen un paradigma de índices en vez de uno icónico o simbólico.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Special thanks to Azam Majooni for graphic design support.

Notes

1. As of March 2017.

2. Deleuze and Guattari used the term war-machine not in a strictly military sense, but as a broader metaphorical concept.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Dietmar Offenhuber

DIETMAR OFFENHUBER is Assistant Professor at Northeastern University in the Departments of Art + Design and Public Policy, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: [email protected]. He holds a PhD in urban planning from MIT, an MS in media arts and sciences from the MIT Media Lab, and a Dipl. Ing. in Architecture from the Technical University Vienna. Dietmar is the author of Waste Is Information—Infrastructure Legibility and Governance (MIT Press) and has published books on the subjects of urban data, accountability technologies, and urban informatics..

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