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Notes
1 Chris Patten's speech: “The European Union's External Policy and the Mediterranean,” April 1, 2000, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-00-116_en.htm.
2 “Barcelona Dreams,” The Economist, November 26, 2005.
3 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Peace, Stability and Prosperity—Israel's Perspective on the Barcelona Process,” Jerusalem, November 2005, www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/pressroom/2005/pages/peace%20stability%20and%20prosperity%20-%20nov%202005.aspx.
4 Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 29, 2005.
5 EU Commission, “European Neighborhood Policy—Strategy Paper,” Brussels, May 12, 2004.
6 Romano Prodi's speech: “A Wider Europe—A Proximity Policy as a key to Stability,” December 5, 2002, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-02-619_en.htm.
7 The UfM is a multilateral framework for regional cooperation and dialogue initiated by former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. Its members are the twenty-eight EU member states and fifteen countries from the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean.
8 Gilles Kepel, Passion arabe (Paris, 2013), p. 430. In this book about the Arab revolutions, the author describes an interview with Bashar al-Assad in Paris.
9 ENPI National Indicative Program for Syria 2011–2013, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/2011_enpi_nip_syria_en.pdf.
10 In 2009, the EU member states even agreed to sign a negotiated association agreement with Syria. The only reason the agreement was not signed at that point was due to the fact that Syria had asked for more time for examination.
11 Peter Seeberg, “Syria and the EU: The crisis in Syria and the international sanctions with a focus on Syrian–EU relations,” Center for Mellemøststudier, Syddnask Universitet, December 2012.
12 European Commission Memo, “ENP—Package—Syria,” Brussels, March 20, 2013, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-255_en.htm.
13 Paul Taylor, “EU ‘ring of friends’ turns into ring of fire,” Reuters, September 27, 2015.
14 Michele Comelli, “Dynamics and Evolution of the EU–Egypt Relationship within the ENP Framework,” Instituto Affari Internazionali, February 2010.
15 Before the ENP, the aid to Egypt was allocated under the MEDA budget. Between 2000 and 2006, Egypt received €600 million under MEDA.
16 Gergana Noutcheva, “Institutional Governance of European Neighborhood Policy in the Wake of the Arab Spring,” Journal of European Integration, XXXVI1 (2015), 26.
17 The Arab Human Development Reports from 2009, by the UNDP, indicated, for example, that “Arab countries will need about 51 million new jobs by 2020” (p. 10).
18 “A New Response to the Changing Neighborhood—A Review of European Neighborhood Policy,” Joint Communication by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs And Security Policy and the European Commission, May 25, 2011.
19 Michelle Pace, “Egypt,” The European Union and the Arab Spring, Joel Peters, (ed.) (Lanham, 2012), p. 57
20 Ibid, p. xv.
21 Taylor, op. cit.
22 Jan Techau, “What if Europeans Had Made Truly Ambitious Commitments After the Arab Spring?” Carnegie Europe, October 7, 2014.
23 Taylor, op. cit.
24 “Review of the European Neighborhood Policy,” Joint Communication by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs And Security Policy and the European Commission, November 18, 2015, eeas.europa.eu.
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Notes on contributors
Sammy Revel
Sammy Revel is Head of Bureau of the European Division, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is the author of Dreaming beyond the Wall [Hebrew], a novel set against the backdrop of the relations between Europe and Israel.