From the poster boy of Europeanization to the sick man of Europe: thirty years (1990–2019) of Poland’s European policy

Figures & data

Table 1. Quasi-sentences (Q-S) concerning policy towards the EU in AMFAs in the years 1990–2019 (per cent).

Year	Cabinet^a	Q-S Positive A	Q-S Negative B	Salience A + B	Position A–B	Ratio (A–B):(A + B)
Aspiration period
1990	Centre	4.32	–	4.32	4.32	1
1991	Centre	4.57	–	4.57	4.57	1
1992	Centre-right	8.01	–	8.01	8.01	1
1993	Centre-right	6.15	0.51	6.66	5.64	0.85
1994	Centre-left	16.71	2.23	18.94	14.48	0.76
1995	Centre-left	13.09	–	13.09	13.09	1
1996	Centre-left	11.08	–	11.08	11.08	1
1997	Centre-left	10.11	–	10.11	10.11	1
Candidacy period
1998	Centre-right	11.79	–	11.79	11.79	1
1999	Centre-right	8.26	0.22	8.48	8.04	0.95
2000	Centre-right	16.65	0.83	17.48	17.48
2001	Right	25.44	–	25.44	25.44	1
2002	Centre-left	13.14	–	13.14	13.14	1
2003	Centre-left	30.53	–	30.53	30.53	1
2004	Centre-left	20.17	–	20.17	20.17	1
Membership period
2005	Centre-left	16.44	0.51	16.95	15.93	0.94
2006	Right-populist	24.93	0.86	25.79	24.07	0.93
2007	Right-populist	21.17	0.34	21.51	20.83	0.97
2008	Centre	28.69	–	28.69	28.69	1
2009	Centre	16.87	–	16.87	16.87	1
2010	Centre	33.53	0.60	34.13	32.93	0.96
2011	Centre	18.48	–	18.48	18.48	1
2012	Centre	37.06	0.54	37.60	36.52	0.97
2013	Centre	17.60	0.65	18.25	16.95	0.93
2014	Centre	14.72	0.44	15.16	14.28	0.94
2015	Centre	14.90	–	14.90	14.90	1
2016	Right	6.39	10.13	16.52	–3.74	–0.23
2017	Right	12.36	4.12	16.48	8.24	0.5
2018	Right	12	10.59	22.59	1.41	0.06
2019	Right	7.78	3.80	11.58	3.98	0.34

^aThe dates assigned to a particular government are determined by the dates of AMFA given in particular years.

Table 2. The relative ratio of the number of quasi-sentences dedicated to European integration in the party manifestos to the number of such sentences included in the governing parties’ AMFAs in the years 1997–2001 (per cent).

Government	Year	Document	Positive	Negative
Coalition AWS-UW	1997	AWS manifesto	2.128	0
		UW manifesto	0.995	0
	1998	AMFA	1.179	0
	Difference AWS		–0.949	0
	Difference UW		+0.184	0
AWS	1997	AWS manifesto	2.128	0
	2001	AMFA	2.544	0
	Difference AWS		+0.416	0

Source: The Sejm of the Republic of Poland, www.sejm.gov.pl; Volkens et al. (2016).

Table 3. The relative ratio of the number of quasi-sentences dedicated to European integration in the party manifestos to the number of such sentences included in the governing parties’ AMFAs in the years 2005–2012^a (per cent).

Government	Year	Document	Positive	Negative
PiS	2005	PiS manifesto	0.639	0.319
	2006	AMFA	2.493	0.086
	Difference		+1.854	–0.233
Coalition PO-PSL	2007	PO manifesto	4.283	0
	2008	AMFA	2.869	0
	Difference		–1.414	0
Coalition PO-PSL	2011	PO manifesto	2.748	0
	2012	AMFA	3.706	0
	Difference		+0.958	0

Source: The Sejm of the Republic of Poland, www.sejm.gov.pl; Volkens et al. (2016).

^aCMP's data concerning the 2015 elections have not been published yet.

Figure 1. The salience of Poland's bilateral relations with Germany, France and the United Kingdom in the AMFAs (per cent).

Table 4. The results of the votes on the AMFAs in the years 1990–2019 (per cent).

Year	In favour	Against	Abstaining	Parliamentary party proposing motion to reject AMFA
Aspiration period
1990	Adopted without vote			–
1991	Adopted without vote			–
1992	Adopted without vote			–
1993	Adopted without vote			–
1994	Adopted without vote			–
1995	Adopted without vote			–
1996	Adopted without vote			–
1997	Adopted without vote			–
Candidacy period
1998	Adopted without vote			–
1999	80.25	4.5	15.25	NK^1
2000	93.81	1.98	4.21	PP^2
2001	86.5	6.75	6.75	PP
2002	65.34	28.80	5.85	LPR
2003	70.29	19.32	10.39	RKN^3
2004	71.06	27.06	1.88	PP
Membership period
2005	70.83	18.63	10.54	RKN
2006	Adopted without vote			–
2007	Adopted without vote			–
2008	65.79	34.21	0	PiS
2009	63.53	34.30	2.17	PiS
2010	60.05	38.31	1.63	Polska Plus; PiS
2011	58.07	32.53	9.40	PiS
2012	56.98	33.92	9.09	PiS
2013	52.05	33.56	14.38	PiS; SP
2014	54.80	32.08	13.11	PiS
2015	55.71	43.61	0.68	PiS
2016	54.36	41.61	4.03	PO
2017	53.47	43.98	2.55	PO
2018	56.44	43.09	0.70	PO; PSL, N^4
2019	54.98	44.55	0.47	PO, N

Note: ¹ NK – Our Circle (Nasze Koło), ² PP – Polish Agreement (Porozumienie Polskie), ³ RKN – National-Catholic Movement (Ruch Katolicko-Narodowy), ⁴ N – Modern (Nowoczesna).

Source: The author's own work on the basis of the data of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, sejm.gov.pl.

Volkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthiess, T., Merz, N., & Regel, S. (2016). The manifesto data collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2016b. Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. https://manifestoproject.wzb.eu/datasets.

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