Landscape analysis of faecal waste management policy gaps in Eastern Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. Policy, legal and institution frameworks for sanitation

Country	Policy framework	Legal framework	Institutional framework
Kenya	National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy 2016–2030 Kenya Vision 2030 Kenya Health Policy Framework 2012–2030 National Health Sector Strategic Plan. Water Policy 1999, National Water Services Strategy (NWSS) 2007–2015 Water and Sanitation Concept (WSSC) Water Sector Strategic Plan (WSSP) Pro-Poor Implementation Plan (PPIP) Water Sector Strategic Plan National ODF Kenya 2020 Campaign Framework 2016/17-2019/20 Kenya Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Strategic Framework (KESSF) 2016–2020 Environment Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999 County Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Strategic and Investment Plans (CESHSIPs)	Constitution of Kenya 2010 County Government Act 2012 Cities and Urban Areas Act, 2011, Prototype County Environmental Health and Sanitation Bill,2016 Environmental Management Coordination Act Public Health Act,2012 Water Act, 2002	Ministry of Water, Sanitation and irrigation Ministry of physical health and sanitation Ministry of Education Water services regulatory board (WASREB) National Environmental Sanitation Coordination and Regulatory Authority (NESCRA) National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
Tanzania	Water Sector Development Programme Implementation Manual, Main Document, 2015 Water Sector Development Programme,2006 2002 National Water Policy Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. National Sanitation Options and Construction Guidelines,2012 Nation Development Vision 2025 Guidelines on Management of Liquid Waste, 2013 National Strategic Plan for School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (SWASH)(2012 − 2017) National Guidelines Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Health Facilities National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) I and II (MKUKUTA)National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) I and II (MKUKUTA)	Water Supply and Sanitation Act (2009) DAWASA Act, Cap 273 Local Government Act (district and urban authorities) (1982) Public Health Act (2009) Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Act, 2001 Water works Order, 1998 Water Resources Management Act,2009	Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Ministry of Water Ministry of Education and Vocational training Prime minister’s office Ministry of Environment National Sanitation and Hygiene Steering Committee Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities
Uganda	National Sanitation Policy for Uganda, 1997 (draft) The National Health Policy (1999) National Environmental Health Policy, 2005 Universal Primary Education Policy,1997 National Sanitation Guidelines, MoH (2000) Poverty Eradication Action Plan,2004 National Development plan II, Vision 2040 Uganda Country Strategy (2013–15-20) The National Development Plan 2010/11-2014/15 7 Water and Sanitation Sub-sector Gender Strategy (2010–15) Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion in Uganda Part II 10-year Improved Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Financing Strategy	Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 The National Environment Act Public Health Act, 1964 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) Statute (1995) Water Statute (1995) National Water and Sewerage Corporation Statute (1995) District Implementation Manual (Ministry of Water and Environment, 2013) Local Government Act,1997 Water Act The Land Act Ministerial Policy Statement: Water And Environment, 2016/2017 The National Environmental (Waste Management) Regulations,1999 Kampala declaration on sanitation,1997	Ministry of Water and Environment Ministry of Health Ministry of Local Government Ministry of Education National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) National Water and Sewerage Corporation

Table 2. Faecal waste management-related content in key legal frameworks

Country	Legal framework	Sanitation content
Kenya	Constitution of Kenya 2010	Provides frameworks for all policies Promotes equity Declares sanitation a basic human right Devolves sanitation functions to county governments
	County Government Act 2012	Delegates responsibility for sanitation service delivery to county governments
	Cities and Urban Areas Act, 2011	Recommends possible service delivery arrangements
	Public Health Act, 2012	Gives guidelines on sanitation from a public health perspective
	Environmental Management Coordination Act	Sets standards for sewage treatment
Tanzania	Water Supply and Sanitation Act	Promotes equitable sanitation Promotes decentralization of sanitation services Promotes public private partnerships Promotes the establishment and enforcement of standards
	Local Government Act, 1982	Designates powers for sanitation control and delivery to local government authorities Complements other sanitation related acts
	Dar-es-Salaam Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Act	Outlines the roles and responsibilities of the autonomous bodies in providing sewerage services in Dar-es-Salaam
	Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Act	Establishes a regulatory body for sewerage services
	Public health Act	Gives guidelines on sanitation from a public health perspective
Uganda	Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995	Individuals should create and procreate a clean environment A safe and clean environment is a right Promotes equity in all policies Encourages private sector participation
	The National Environment Act	Allocates responsibility for fecal waste management to the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE), and the National Environment Agency (NEMA)
	Public Health Act	Delegates responsibility to the MoH to set standards for sanitation and service delivery Obligates every citizen to have a latrine or toilet
	Water Statute	Promote the safe storage, treatment, discharge, and disposal of waste that may pollute water
		Defines the roles of local councils in providing and promoting sanitation and hygiene services at community and household levels Increases local democratic control and participation

Table 3. Sanitation actors

Country	Operational policy document	List of actors	Categories of actors represented
Kenya	National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy 2016–2030	Ministry of health division of environmental health World Bank Group’s Water and Sanitation Program Africa Region Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee Technical Working Groups (KWAHO,UON/KEMRI WSSCC,AMREF, WASH Alliance Kenya, WASH United, WSUP, PS Kenya, UNICEF,APHOK) County Health Departments, Ministry of Water and Irrigation. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) Water Services Trust Fund Ministry of Health CLTS Hub Team	National, sub-national and local public authorities International organisations Civil society organisations Donors Researchers Non-governmental organisations Development partners
Tanzania	Water sector development programme implementation manual, main document, 2015	There is no acknowledged section in the main operational sanitation policy implementation document	National, sub-national and local public authorities International organisations Civil society organisations Donors/funders
Uganda	National Sanitation Guidelines, 2000	Ministry of Health Water and Sanitation Program-Africa Region (WSP-AF) District and urban councils Ministry of Gender and Community Development Ministry of Local Government Ministry of Natural Resources DANIDA UNICEF WHO RUWASA AMREF NETWAS WATERAID’	National, sub-national and local public authorities International organisations Civil society organisations Donors/funders Development partners

Table 4. Comparative summary of the policy context, content, process and actors in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

Attribute/country	Kenya	Tanzania	Uganda
Policy context	Kenya is under going rapid devolution with the highest devolution powers in East Africa.	Tanzania has the least level of power devolution acting as a unitary republic.	Has some level of power decentralisation.
Policy content
Policy framework	Main policy framework is expressed in the National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene (KESH) Policy 2016–2030, a stand alone policy document.	Main policy framework is expressed in the Water Sector Development programme Implementation Manual, main document, 2015. A document that is complemented with other key policy and legal frameworks.	Main policy framework is expressed in the National Environmental Health Policy, 2005, policy that is complemented with several other policy and legal frameworks.
Legal framework	Several acts and bills specified in KESH Policy.	A couple of acts addressing sanitation.	A number of regulatory acts and statutes addressing sanitation
Population targeting	In order to achieve equity, the policies prioritise the chronically ill, the elderly and persons with disability. Subsidies are to be based on demand but not supply of sanitation services. No clear guidelines on how to prioritise marginalised groups in poor urban neighbourhoods are outlined.	Policies aim to establish equitable service delivery. However service delivery in the cities is mainly privatised and favours those who can access sewered sanitation. Gender issues are not explicitly addressed by the policies.	Low income households, refugee camps, schools, hospitals, high cost set up areas, and women are targeted by the policy. The lack of government subsidies for latrine construction is acknowledged by the policies which advocate for increased government funding towards the same.
Level of services	Minimum standards for containment are comprehensively outlined in the policies. However minimum level of services for the complementary collection, transportation and treatment and environmentally sound disposal of faecal waste are not comprehensively addressed. Urban utility corporations tend to be biased towards sewered services.	Minimum level of services and standards are outlined in the policies. However, the standards do not comprehensively cover the entire FWM value chain. Urban utility corporation acts are biased towards sewered services.	Minimum standards for containment are comprehensively outlined in the policies. There are no clear guidelines set out for the emptying, transportation, treatment and disposal of faecal waste. Utility corporations focus more on sewered sanitation.
Health considerations	Health risks are outlined in a general way. The policies do not disaggregate sanitation risk of urban and rural areas. There is no clear indication of disease risk at each step of the FWM chain.	The link between health and sanitation is discussed. There is no differential discussion of risks by urban or rural areas or across the different steps of the FWM value chain.	Geneal risks due to poor sanitation are out lined in the policies. There is no disaggregation of risks by urban or rural areas or by the different steps of the FWM value chain.
Environmental considerations	Environmental considerations are comprehensively outlined in the policies.	Environmental considerations are comprehensively outlined in the policies.	Environmental considerations are comprehensively outlined in the policies.
Financial considerations	Funds are drawn from the central government and donors and sanitation budgets are spread across relevant ministries. Lump sum and not activity specific estimates of sanitation funds are often presented. However, tools have been developed to foster future budgeting along specific activity lines but the are not along the FWM chain. Users pay at the household level	Budgetary responsibilities are spread across the relevant ministries. Sanitation funds come from the central government, development partners and local revenue. Water and sewerage budget investments are often lumped together with no clear budgeting for activity lines of the FWM value chain. Users are expected to pay at the household level	Districts are encouraged to pool funds from various sources that should be deployed within a comprehensive sanitation plan. A 10 year sanitation and hygiene plan made an attempt at defining unit costs on selected sanitation strategies. Still no budgeting along the lines of the FWM chain has been outlined in the policies. Users are expected to pay at the household level.
Institutional framework	The new ministry of water, sanitation and irrigation coordinates all activities that are related to FWM. Activities are implemented in collaboration with other ministries.	FWM responsibilities are spread across relevant government ministries and institutions working under a memorandum of understanding. They are coordinated by the MoHCDGEC with oversight from the prime minister’s office.	Sanitation activities pertaining to FWM are centrally coordinated by the MoH. At the Local Government level responsibilities are shared between relevant government ministries.
Policy actors	Groups of national and international organisations identifying as public, civil society, donors or research organisations.	Groups of national and international organisations identifying as public, civil society, or donors.	Groups of national and international organisations identifying as public, civil society, or donors.

Figure 1. A summary of the policy process in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.