Preventing yellow fever epidemics in Asian megacities: how can cities control mosquito-transmitted diseases?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Aedes aegypti, formerly known as the yellow fever mosquito. Centers for disease control and prevention public health image library https://phil.cdc.gov/details_linked.aspx?pid = 9261.

Figure 2. Symptoms of yellow fever.

https://www.mxpharmacy.co.uk/uploads/4/1/5/5/41,550,283/yellow-fever-symptoms_orig.jpg

Figure 3. Cities and the distribution of the yellow fever mosquito. Predicted distribution of Aedes aegypti in 2015 (grey) and cities of over one million inhabitants (red). (Reproduced by kind permission of Dr Nick Golding, Curtin University, Perth, Australia).

Figure 4. WHO recommendations for the control of the yellow fever mosquito.

Adapted from Global vector control response 2017–2030: A strategic approach to tackle vector-borne diseases WHO/HTM/GVCR/2017.01 https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10,665/259,002/WHO-HTM-GVCR-2017.01-eng.pdf;jsessionid = 0678B3844DED1434E47261C7745312CB?sequence = 1

Figure 5. The DELIVER mnemonic: our recommendations for protecting people from mosquitoes in and around their homes. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0814

Box 1. Essential reading.

1. Lindsay et al. (2021) Recommendations for building out mosquito-transmitted diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the DELIVER mnemonic. Philosophical Transactions B 376(1818):20,190,814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0814

A paper with specific recommendations for house and environmental improvements to protect people from mosquito bites.

2. World Health Organisation. Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030. Geneva: WHO; (2017), ISBN 978–92-4-151,297-8.

A really important document from the World Health Organisation describing in detail how to control disease vectors including mosquitoes.

3. Sim et al. (2020) A greener vision for vector control: The example of the Singapore dengue control programme. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(8), e0008428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008428

Singapore as a unique exemplar of how a city coordintaes effective mosquito control through a multisectoral approach.

Figure 6. Collaboration between Singapore’s national environment agency and other sectoral stakeholders. NGO, nongovernmental organisation.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008428.g002

Lindsay, S.W., et al., 2021. Recommendations for building out mosquito-transmitted diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the DELIVER mnemonic. Philosophical transactions B, 376 (1818), 20190814. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0814

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World Health Organisation, 2017. Global vector control response 2017 – 2030. Geneva: WHO. ISBN 978-92-4-151297-8.

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Sim, S., et al., 2020. A greener vision for vector control: the example of the Singapore dengue control programme. PLOS neglected tropical diseases, 14 (8), e0008428. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008428

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