Exploring young people’s views of their local area related to the 20-minute neighbourhood policy: a national cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Place standard tool for young people’s questions and themes.

Themes	Question
Walking, wheeling, or cycling	Can I easily walk, wheel, or cycle and move around my local area?
Public transport	How easy is it to get to where I need to or want to go by bus, train, or other forms of public transport?
Walking, wheeling, or cycling to school	Can I easily walk, wheel, or cycle to my school, college, or workplace?
Streets, squares, and buildings	What are the streets, squares and buildings like in my place?
Play	What are the spaces for play, recreation and sport like in and around my local area? For example, sports fields, gyms, skate parks and swimming pools.
Nature	Can I regularly see and visit nature (green space, hills, and quiet places)?
Meeting and talking with people	Are there a range of spaces and opportunities to meet and talk to each other face to face?
Access to services	What is your area like for accessing services you need? For example, shops, libraries, health entries and cafes?
Feeling proud and a part of my place	How proud do you feel about your local area?

Table 2. Corresponding subjective and objective area-level variables (from Olsen et al. (2022)) and source.

Subjective Domain from Place Standard Tool for Young People	Question from Place Standard Tool for Young People	Corresponding objective data	Brief description of Objective Domain	Source
Public Transport	“How easy is it to get where I need or want to go by bus, train or other forms of public transport?”	Public Transport	Any public transport stop (Bus, train, tram, underground)	Point of interest (Dec 2021) (Ordnance Survey), (Ordnance Survey 2021b)
		Frequent Public Transport	Public transport with five or more stops an hour (within 6am–9pm).	Traveline National Dataset (TNDS), (UK Government Digital Service 2015)
Play	“What are the spaces for play, recreation and sport like in and around my local area? For example, sports fields, gyms, skate parks and swimming pools”.	Recreational, sports pitches and facilities.	Gymnasiums, sports halls, and leisure centres; Athletics facilities; Golf ranges, courses, and clubs; Sports grounds, stadia, and pitches; swimming pools; and tennis facilities	Point of interest (Dec 2021) (Ordnance Survey 2021b)
Nature	“Can I regularly see and visit nature (Green space, hills and quiet places)?”	Accessible public open spaces	Public Park or Garden access points; Playing field access points; Play space access points.	Open Greenspace (Ordnance Survey 2021a)
Access to Services	“What is your area like for accessing services you need? For example, shops, libraries, health entries and cafes?”	Healthy food retail	Large supermarket (for example, ASDA); Medium sized supermarket chains (for example Tesco Metro, Sainsbury’s Local).	Point of interest (Dec 2021) (Ordnance Survey 2021b)
		Eating establishments	Restaurant or café (non-fast-food)
		Primary Health Care	General Practitioner (GP) or NHS walk-in centre.
		Community health resources	Pharmacy
		Financial	Post office, bank, or cash machine (ATM).
		Social and cultural locations	Gallery; Historic buildings; Museum; Theatre; Cinema; Social clubs; Library; and Places of worship.
Feeling safe	“How safe and/or comfortable do I feel in my place?”	SIMD crime sub-domain	Recorded crime rate per 10,000 population.	Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020 (Scottish Government 2020c).

Table 3. Sample characteristics and sociodemographic profile.

Variable		Number of Young People	%
Gender	Male	121	42.2
	Female	130	45.3
	Missing	36	12.5
Age	Range: 12 to 18 years; Median 12 years.
	Missing	<10	<10.0
Urban-Rural	Urban Areas	231	80.5
	Rural Areas	56	19.5
Area-level deprivation	Most deprived	92	32.1
	Least deprived	195	67.9
Area-level crime	Most crime prone	96	33.4
	Least crime prone	191	66.6

*Numbers below 10 suppressed across all categories to avoid potential disclosable information.

Table 4. Percentage (%) of Place Standard Tool for Young People item responses by unsatisfied, neutral or satisfied.

Place Standard Tool for Young People Items	Frequency of categorised responses (%)
	Unsatisfied (Score 1 to 3)	Neutral (Score 4)	Satisfied (Score 5 to 7)
Walking, Wheeling, or Cycling	11.2	13.3	75.5
Public Transport	14.9	21.4	63.7
Walking, wheeling, or cycling to school	33.5	15.9	50.6
Streets, squares, and buildings	15.6	29.9	54.5
Play	28.2	22.4	49.4
Nature	12.8	11.1	76.1
Meeting and talking with people	17.7	17.7	64.5
Access to services	27.5	17.4	55.0
Feeling proud and a part of my place	11.1	20.9	68.0
Feeling safe	8.5	16.9	74.6
Fixed, cleaned, and managed	16.9	19.0	64.0

Table 5. Probability (Odds Ratio) of feeling unsatisfied in Place Standard Tool for Young People item perceptions of local area, by gender, area-level deprivation and urbanicity.

Place Standard Tool for Young People Items (unsatisfied vs satisfied)	Gender				Area-level deprivation				Urbanicity
	Female (ref: male)				Most deprived (ref: least deprived)				Rural (ref: urban)
	OR	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	P value	OR	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	P value	OR	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	P value
Walking, Wheeling, or Cycling	3.95	1.34	11.62	0.01	*				3.76	1.28	11.04	0.02
Public Transport	0.96	0.38	2.45	0.94	1.23	0.39	3.84	0.72	2.91	1.10	7.68	0.03
Walking, wheeling, or cycling to school	0.56	0.22	1.39	0.21	1.87	0.64	5.45	0.25	5.79	1.81	18.53	<0.001
Streets, squares, and buildings	1.23	0.52	2.93	0.64	2.27	0.92	5.64	0.08	3.22	1.18	8.74	0.02
Play	1.39	0.62	3.08	0.42	1.76	0.73	4.27	0.21	3.50	1.40	8.72	0.01
Nature	0.60	0.19	1.92	0.39	0.68	0.20	2.26	0.53	0.27	0.06	1.26	0.10
Meeting and talking with people	1.62	0.63	4.20	0.32	*				3.25	1.17	9.04	0.02
Access to services	1.34	0.56	3.25	0.51					2.85	1.06	7.69	0.04
Feeling proud and a part of my place	1.82	0.62	5.33	0.28	5.37	1.70	16.98	<0.001	1.23	0.39	3.87	0.73
Feeling safe	0.88	0.26	2.96	0.84	3.14	0.91	10.84	0.07	*
Fixed, cleaned, and managed	1.62	0.53	4.89	0.39	2.69	0.79	9.14	0.11	1.88	0.51	6.99	0.34

*Insignificant variables removed from the final model using the backward selection criteria, final model chosen based on AIC.

Figure 1. Probability (Odds Ratio) of reporting being unsatisfied with Place Standard Tool for Young People item and objective assessment of amenity presence in local area or residing in most crime prone area.

Note: If Odds Ratio <1, young person is less likely to report being unsatisfied than satisfied with the Place Standard Tool for Young People item if the amenity is present in their local area.

Table 6. Interaction terms for reporting being unsatisfied with Place Standard Tool for Young People item and objective assessment of amenity presence in local area or residing in most crime prone area by gender, urbanicity and area-level deprivation.

Objective amenity present (ref: not present)	Gender: (ref:male) & Area-level deprivation (ref: least deprived) & Urbanicity (ref: urban)	Place Standard Tool for Young People Item
		Public Transport				Nature				Access to services				Play				Feeling Safe
		OR	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	P value	OR	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	P value	OR	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	P value	OR	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	P value	OR	LL 95% CI	UL 95% CI	P value
Frequent public transport	Female	6.83	1.14	40.80	0.035
	Rural	0.46	0.07	3.07	0.42
	Most Deprived	*
Open accessible public spaces	Female					7.75	1.06	56.54	0.04
	Rural					*
	Most Deprived					<0.0001	0	Inf	0.99
Healthy food retail	Female									0.68	0.06	7.41	0.74
	Rural									*
	Most Deprived									1.43	0.08	26.85	0.81
Primary health care	Female									0.55	0.07	4.15	0.56
	Rural									*
	Most Deprived									1.21	0.11	13.61	0.87
Eating establishments	Female									3.35	0.58	19.32	0.17
	Rural
	Most Deprived									0.23	0.02	2.85	0.25
Recreational, sports pitches and facilities	Female													6.12	1.18	31.66	0.03
	Rural													0.45	0.07	3.04	0.41
	Most Deprived													0.29	0.04	2.29	0.24
SIMD crime statistics	Female																	0.96	0.10	9.23	0.97
	Rural																	0.32	0.02	5.87	0.04
	Most Deprived																	0.04	0.03	5.54	0.52

*Insignificant variables removed from the final model using the backward selection criteria, final model chosen based on AIC.

Olsen, J.R., et al., 2022. Nationwide equity assessment of the 20-min neighbourhood in the Scottish context: a socio-spatial proximity analysis of residential locations. Social science & medicine, 315, 115502. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115502

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Ordnance Survey, 2021b. Points of interest classification scheme.

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UK Government Digital Service, 2015. Traveline national dataset.

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Ordnance Survey, 2021a. OS open greenspace - technical specification.

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Scottish Government, 2020c. Scottish index of multiple deprivation 2020.

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