Health-related quality of life and perceptions of neighborhood physical and social environment in Tehran, Iran

Figures & data

Figure 1. Case Study location - Imamzadeh Yahya neighborhood in Tehran.

Figure 2. Urban form and character of Imam Zadeh Yahya neighborhood, Tehran: (top left) green public space; (top right) commercial zone with traditional retail spaces; (bottom) residential streets with narrow alleyways and mixed architectural styles.

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of adult residents of Imamzadeh Yahya (N = 393).

	Frequency	Percent	Mean ± Sd
Gender
Male	178	45.3
Female	215	54.7
Age (Years)
18–24	62	15.8	36.88 ± 12.81
25–44	222	56.5
45–64	94	23.9
>65	15	3.8
Education
None	13	3.3
Primary School	64	16.3
Diploma	78	19.8
Undergraduate	184	46.8
Graduate	54	13.7
Length Of Residence in The Neighborhood (Years)
<1	23	5.9
1–5	18	4.6
5–10	66	16.8
10–20	114	29.0
>21	172	43.8
Type Of Housing
Self–Owned Housing	202	51.4
Rental Housing	191	48.6
Number Of Residents (Household)
1–2	34	8.7	4.01 ± 1.24
3–4	231	58.8
5–6	116	29.5
>6	12	3.1
Area (square meters)
<30	1	.3	82.77 ± 36.3
30–60	134	34.1
60–90	154	39.2
90–120	68	17.3
>120	36	9.2

Table 2. Factor analysis of physical environment features (sig. Of Bartlett’s Sphere Test < 0.001, KMO value = 0.60).

Given Name		Physical Environment Factors	Component
			1	2	3	Communality
Accessibility/Walkability	Suitable Sidewalk Width		.93			.91
	Close To Grocery Stores		.69			.49
	Close To Public Places (Library- Mosque)		.69			.52
	Close To Public Spaces (Park)		.61			.40
Amenities	Presence of Greenery Elements (trees and plants)			.72		.54
	Presence of Trash bin			.64		.41
	Move Park Seats			.65		.44
	Presence of Benches			.62		.40
	Maintenance and Cleanliness of Neighborhood			.58		.35
Legibility	Easy To Find Destinations				.88	.78
	Distinctive Neighborhoods Appearance				.88	.78
Eigenvalues			2.26	2.16	1.6
% Of Total Variance			21	20	15

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax.

Table 3. Factor analysis of social environment features (sig. Of Bartlett’s Sphere Test < 0.001, KMO value = 0.76).

Given Name		Social Environment Factor	Component
			1	2	3	Communality
Community Participation	Participation in Voting		.87			.764
	Participation In Collective Decision		.86			.755
	Participation In Rituals		.56			.378
	Enjoy Living in the Neighborhood			.79		.627
Sense of Community	Belonging To the Community			.68		.468
	Strong sense of connection with Neighbors			.56		.351
	Visiting Neighbors			.57		.449
	Trust Neighbors			.60		.650
	Planning to Stay in the Neighborhood				.72	.540
Neighborhood Satisfaction	Satisfied with Neighbors				.69	.484
	Neighbors Treat each other well				.62	.386
	Feeling Safe to Walk in the Neighborhood at Night				.55	.326
Eigenvalues			2.28	2.18	1.72
% Of Total Variance			19	18	14

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax.

Table 4. Correlation between social and physical factors and environmental health in Imamzade Yahya neighborhood residents.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1. Psychological health
2. Environmental health	.629**
3. Social health	.578**	.591**
4. Age	−0.036	−0.038	−0.078
5. Gender	0.049	0.083	0.024	.151**
6. Education	0.072	0.059	0.065	−.356**	−0.017
7. Length of Residency	−0.031	−0.037	−0.070	.360**	0.087	−.107*
8. Household Ownership	.175**	.269**	.180**	0.057	0.056	−0.026	0.051
9. Community Participation	.150**	.264**	.232**	−0.081	−0.011	−0.005	−.150**	.141**
10. Sense of community	.172**	.306**	.271**	0.051	0.069	−.107*	0.010	.138**	.413**
11. Neighborhood Satisfaction	.216**	.314**	.219**	0.078	.131**	0.008	0.049	.141**	.159**	.196**
12. Accessibility	.208**	.314**	.215**	−0.099	0.040	−0.057	−0.088	0.016	.242**	.169**	.135**
13. Amenities	.315**	.489**	.361**	−0.042	.129*	−0.029	−0.065	.276**	.382**	.358**	.292**	.337**
14. Legibility (navigation & distinction)	.143**	.208**	.113*	0.030	0.008	−0.054	−0.044	0.070	0.096	.137**	0.088	0.009	.121*

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table 5. Social and physical factors predicting environmental health of Imamzade Yahya neighborhood residents.

	Social Environment Factors						Physical Environment Factors						Social And Physical Environment Factors
Variable	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Housing Ownership	0.444	0.080	0.269***	0.320	0.076	0.193***	0.444	0.080	0.269***	0.255	0.073	0.154**	0.444	0.080	0.269***	0.230	0.072	0.139**
Community Participation				0.264	0.105	0.125*										0.029	0.100	0.014
Sense Of Community				0.445	0.123	0.182***										0.243	0.115	0.099*
Neighborhood Satisfaction				0.641	0.129	0.231***										0.424	0.121	0.153***
Accessibility										0.495	0.119	0.187***				0.454	0.117	0.172***
Amenities										1.109	0.143	0.365***				0.884	0.152	0.291***
Legibility (navigation & distinction)										0.286	0.080	0.151***				0.252	0.079	0.133**
R2	0.072			0.214			0.072			0.311			0.072			0.344
F for change in R2	30.420***			23.241***			30.420***			44.704***			30.420***			26.558***

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table 6. Social and physical factors predicting psychological health of Imamzade Yahya neighborhood residents.

	Social Environment Factors						Physical Environment Factors						Social And Physical Environment Factors
Variable	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Housing Ownership	0.291	0.083	0.175**	0.214	0.082	0.129**	0.291	0.083	0.175**	0.169	0.082	0.101*	0.291	0.083	0.175**	0.154	0.082	0.092*
Community Participation				0.140	0.114	0.066										0.021	0.115	0.010
Sense Of Community				0.231	0.133	0.094										0.092	0.132	0.038
Neighborhood Satisfaction				0.472	0.140	0.169**										0.323	0.139	0.116*
Accessibility										0.338	0.134	0.127*				0.321	0.135	0.121*
Amenities										0.708	0.161	0.231***				0.593	0.175	0.194**
Legibility (navigation & distinction)										0.204	0.091	0.107*				0.187	0.091	0.098*
R2	0.031			0.085			0.031			0.132			0.031			0.146
F for change in R2	12.320**			7.700***			12.320**			15.193***			12.320**			8.703***

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table 7. Social and physical factors predicting social relationship health of Imamzade Yahya neighborhood residents.

	Social Environment Factors						Physical Environment Factors						Social And Physical Environment Factors
Variable	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Housing Ownership	0.293	0.081	0.180***	0.192	0.079	0.118*	0.293	0.081	0.180***	0.152	0.079	0.094	0.293	0.081	0.180***	0.129	0.079	0.080
Community Participation				0.247	0.109	0.119*										0.094	0.110	0.045
Sense Of Community				0.425	0.127	0.177**										0.297	0.126	0.123*
Neighborhood Satisfaction				0.407	0.133	0.149**										0.266	0.133	0.098*
Accessibility										0.302	0.129	0.116*				0.254	0.129	0.098*
Amenities										0.861	0.156	0.288***				0.629	0.167	0.210***
Legibility (navigation & distinction)										0.132	0.088	0.071				0.096	0.087	0.052
R2	0.032			0.129			0.032			0.154			0.032			0.183
F for change in R2	13.070***			14.406***			13.070***			18.588***			13.070***			11.797***

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.