Perceived satisfaction and effectiveness of online education during the COVID-19 pandemic: the moderating effect of academic self-efficacy

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research framework.

Table 1. Response rate of groups.

Category	Number of respondents	Percentage
Gender
Male	150	47%
Female	169	53%
Age
Less than 18	115	36%
18–25	150	47%
25–30	54	17%
Year in the program
Year 1	65	20%
Year 2	94	30%
Year 3	91	29%
Year 4	69	21%
Devices available at home for internet
Desktop computer	29	9%
Laptop	116	36%
Smartphone	94	30%
Tablet	80	25%

Table 2. Confirmatory factor analysis.

Measure	Threshold	Present study results	Source
Chi-square/df (cmin/df)	≤ 2 good; ≤ sometimes permissible	2.269	Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, 2009)
Goodness of fit index (GFI)	≥ 0.9: acceptable; ≥ 0.8: marginal	0.917	Hair et al., 2009)
Adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI)	≥ 0.8	0.873	Hair et al., 2009)
Comparative fit index (CFI)	≥0.95 great; ≥0.90 traditional; ≥0.80 sometimes permissible	0.814	Hair et al., 2009)
Root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEM)	≤0.05 good; ≤0.08 moderate	0.063	Hair et al., 2009)
Tucker Lewis Index (TLI)	≥0.90	0.909	Hair et al., 2009)

Table 3. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) fitting indices.

	Estimate	t-value	Cronbach	CR	AVE
Quality of Instructor			0.930	0.931	0.661
QI1	0.753
QI2	0.872
QI3	0.907
QI4	0.817
QI5	0.862
QI6	0.661
QI7	0.801
Perceived Satisfaction		-	0.914	0.920	0.623
PS1	0.680
PS2	0.862
PS3	0.806
PS4	0.877
PS5	0.796
PS6	0.784
PS7	0.704
Effectiveness of Online Education			0.943	0.942	0.767
EOE1	0.800
EOE2	0.890
EOE3	0.930
EOE4	0.937
EOE5	0.814
Course Design			0.890	0.892	0.584
CD1	0.740
CD2	0.605
CD3	0.688
CD4	0.806
CD5	0.873
CD6	0.840
Student’s Expectations			0.928	0.931	0.73
SE1	0.780
SE2	0.839
SE3	0.930
SE4	0.869
SE5	0.850
Academic Self- Efficacy			0.915	0.915	0.782
ASE1	0.914
ASE2	0.866
ASE3	0.873
Instructor’s Prompt			0.823	0.778	0.538
IP1	0.698
IP2	0.752
IP3	0.751

Figure 2. The result of the model assessment.

Table 4. Discriminant validity.

	QI	CD	IP	SE	PS	EOE
QI
CD	0.396
IP	0.253	0.151
SE	0.270	0.141	0.284
PS	0.123	0.441	0.260	0.216
EOE	0.83	0.501	0.140	0.268	0.284

Table 5. Results of the hypothesis test.

Hypotheses	Path	Standardized path coefficient	Result
H1a	QIO→ PSO	0.345***	Support
H2a	CDO→ PSO	0.28***	support
H3a	IPO→ PSO	0.096	Unsupported
H4a	SEO→ PSO	0.090**	supported
H1b	QIO→ EOE	0.282***	supported
H2b	CDO→ EOE	−0.042	Unsupported
H3b	IPO→ EOE	0.175***	Support
H4b	SEO→ EOE	0.087**	Support
H5	PSO→ EOE	0.311***	Support

Note. N = 319, *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Figure 3. Plotted interaction of perceived satisfaction and self – efficacy on effectiveness of online education.

Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., & Tatham, R.L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados. Bookman editora.

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