Using Online Methods to Develop and Examine the Hong Kong Chinese Translation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic Information of the Participants.

	First Test		Retest
Demographic Information	Frequency	Percentage (%)	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Variable	Gender
Female	86	80	37	79
Male	22	20	10	21
Variable	Level of Education
Associate’s degree or equivalent	13	12	6	13
Bachelor’s degree	56	52	23	49
Master’s degree or above	38	35	17	36
Other	1	1	1	2
Variable	Subjects
Arts and humanities	10	9	4	9
Life sciences and biomedicine	6	6	3	6
Other	17	16	8	17
Physical sciences	2	2	1	2
Social sciences	72	67	31	66
Technology	1	1	0	0
Variable	Institutions
City University of Hong Kong	25	23	7	15
The Chinese University of Hong Kong	11	10	6	13
Hong Kong Baptist University	1	1	0	0
Hong Kong Institute of Education	13	12	8	17
The Open University of Hong Kong	8	7	6	13
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University	36	33	13	28
Hong Kong Shue Yan University	7	6	2	4
The University of Hong Kong	4	4	3	6
Lingnan University	2	2	1	2
Other	1	1	1	2

Table 2. Item-to-total Correlation and Cronbach Alpha Statistics.

	HKC-DES		DES
Item	Corrected Item–Total Correlation^a	Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted	Corrected Item–Total Correlation†	Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted
1	.719	.948	.660	.961
2	.594	.949	.656	.961
3	.640	.949	.697	.960
4	.692	.948	.737	.960
5	.589	.949	.674	.961
6	.570	.949	.659	.961
7	.557	.949	.694	.960
8	.698	.948	.692	.960
9	.698	.948	.689	.960
10	.576	.949	.647	.961
11	.684	.948	.753	.960
12	.680	.948	.764	.960
13	.723	.947	.816	.959
14	.707	.948	.777	.960
15	.632	.948	.710	.960
16	.718	.948	.791	.960
17	.237*	.953	.472	.962
18	.731	.947	.735	.960
19	.653	.948	.575	.961
20	.752	.947	.709	.960
21	.443	.951	.564	.962
22	.674	.948	.685	.960
23	.434	.950	.518	.962
24	.573	.949	.670	.961
25	.651	.948	.707	.960
26	.664	.948	.729	.960
27	.656	.948	.658	.961
28	.708	.948	.753	.960

^aAll items’ correlations were significant at 1% level except item 17 of the HKC-DES.

*p < .05.

Table 3. Test-Retest Reliability of CDES.

Item	First Test		Re-test		t
	M	SD	M	SD
1	20.6	27.5	24.9	27.5	1.3
2	46.6	28.5	45.3	28.9	–0.4
3	9.8	18.6	16.2	24.5	2.6*
4	9.1	21.0	11.7	21.9	1.1
5	18.3	21.1	14.9	16.9	–1.1
6	13.0	20.8	17.0	23.8	1.5
7	11.9	18.7	16.2	23.2	1.5
8	14.3	23.8	13.4	22.6	–0.3
9	16.4	23.4	14.5	22.8	–0.6
10	22.8	24.2	18.3	20.3	–1.3
11	13.0	24.3	12.3	22.1	–0.2
12	19.1	26.4	22.8	29.4	1.4
13	18.3	26.5	17.9	27.1	–0.2
14	31.5	29.6	27.4	29.2	–1.5
15	34.0	28.6	33.6	30.8	–0.1
16	20.6	24.4	21.5	21.3	0.3
17	53.4	24.3	50.4	29.0	–0.9
18	27.4	26.2	26.6	27.0	–0.3
19	23.2	25.7	23.0	24.1	–0.1
20	34.7	30.6	31.5	26.1	–0.9
21	16.8	27.6	23.2	29.4	2.1*
22	28.3	30.5	25.7	27.0	–0.6
23	34.9	24.5	33.8	22.9	–0.3
24	26.2	24.8	25.3	27.1	–0.3
25	24.0	24.8	19.4	22.5	–1.4
26	19.8	22.3	22.6	24.0	1.0
27	26.4	29.1	22.8	28.4	–1.0
28	14.0	25.1	18.9	23.4	2.0
Total	23.2	18.2	23.3	19.4	0.0

*p < .05.

Table 4. Paired t-Test Between the DES and the HKC-DES.

	HKC-DES		DES
Item	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t
1	19.7	24.6	17.9	24.5	1.0
2	45.5	28.4	37.6	28.8	4.4**
3	9.7	17.8	10.8	18.6	–1.3
4	7.0	16.5	8.7	17.6	–2.7**
5	18.9	20.2	13.7	17.5	3.9**
6	12.8	19.0	12.7	19.3	0.1
7	13.0	21.1	12.4	20.6	0.5
8	11.6	19.1	10.6	18.3	0.9
9	14.7	22.5	14.9	22.5	–0.2
10	25.2	25.5	16.9	20.2	4.4**
11	10.8	18.9	11.3	19.2	–0.7
12	20.9	25.7	19.4	24.4	1.0
13	17.0	25.1	15.8	23.6	1.1
14	28.3	27.4	26.1	26.9	1.4
15	34.0	28.6	26.1	26.4	3.4**
16	21.7	25.0	20.6	23.8	0.6
17	53.1	26.7	42.0	27.6	5.6**
18	28.1	26.6	26.2	27.1	1.2
19	23.1	23.8	19.4	22.5	3.4**
20	31.5	28.8	30.9	26.8	0.4
21	17.1	27.2	18.6	28.0	–1.5
22	25.6	27.1	24.9	26.2	0.7
23	37.9	26.0	27.3	26.0	5.9**
24	28.1	25.9	25.3	24.6	1.8
25	23.3	21.1	21.8	21.7	1.1
26	20.6	20.8	16.9	20.3	3.0**
27	27.3	28.0	23.9	26.4	2.5*
28	14.9	23.7	13.8	21.5	0.9

*p <.05. **p < .01.

Table A1. The Dissociative Experiences Scale in English and Hong Kong Chinese.

Item No.	DES	HKC-DES
1	Some people have the experience of driving or riding in a car or bus or subway and suddenly realizing that they don’t remember what has happened during all or part of the trip.	有些人在駕駛或乘搭汽車、巴士、地鐵等交通工具時，會突然意識到他們記不起行程中發生過的全部或部分事情。
2	Some people find that sometimes they are listening to someone talk and they suddenly realize that they did not hear part or all of what was said.	有些人有時在傾聽別人說話時，會突然意識到他們並沒有聽到別人說話的部分或全部內容。
3	Some people have the experience of finding themselves in a place and have no idea how they got there.	有些人突然發現自己身處一個地方，卻又不知道自己是怎樣來到這個地方。
4	Some people have the experience of finding themselves dressed in clothes that they don’t remember putting on.	有些人會發現自己身上穿著某些衣物，卻記不起是自己穿上的。
5	Some people have the experience of finding new things among their belongings that they do not remember buying.	有的人會發現自己有一些新的東西但是卻不記得自己曾經買過那些東西。
6	Some people sometimes find that they are approached by people that they do not know, who call them by another name or insist that they have met them before.	有些人有時候會發現他們不認識的人會前來接近自己，這些人會以其他名字稱呼自己或堅持之前曾與自己見過面。
7	Some people sometimes have the experience of feeling as though they are standing next to themselves or watching themselves do something and they actually see themselves as if they were looking at another person.	有些人有時會有一種經歷，他們感覺好像站在自己的身邊，或從旁看著自己做事，他們看著自己就彷如正在看著另一個人似的。
8	Some people are told that they sometimes do not recognize friends of family members.	有些人會被告知，他們有時候不能辨認出自己的朋友或親人。
9	Some people find that they have no memory for some important events in their lives (for example, a wedding or graduation).	有些人會發現，他們對於自己生命中某些重要的事件（例如：婚禮、畢業）毫無記憶。
10	Some people have the experience of being accused of lying when they do not think that they have lied.	有的人有這種經驗，他們會被人指責說謊，而自己卻不認為說過謊。
11	Some people have the experience of looking in a mirror and not recognizing themselves.	有些人有過這樣經歷，照著鏡子時認不出自己。
12	Some people have the experience of feeling that other people, objects, and the world around them are not real.	有些人有過這樣經歷，覺得身邊的人、物件和整個世界都不是真實的。
13	Some people have the experience of feeling that their body does not seem to belong to them.	有些人有過這樣經歷，覺得他們的身體似乎不屬於自己。
14	Some people have the experience of sometimes remembering a past event so vividly that they feel as if they were reliving that event.	有些人有過這樣經歷，有時候記起過去某些事情時，會逼真得令他們覺得自己好像正在重新經歷該事情一樣。
15	Some people have the experience of not being sure whether things that they remember happening really did happen or whether they just dreamed them.	有些人有過這樣經歷，他們無法肯定自己所記得的事情是真實發生過，抑或只是在夢境裡發生過。
16	Some people have the experience of being in a familiar place but finding it strange and unfamiliar.	有些人有過這樣經歷，發現自己身處一個熟悉的地方，卻又覺得這個地方陌生和不熟悉。
17	Some people find that when they are watching television or a movie they become so absorbed in the story that they are unaware of other events happening around them.	有些人會發現，當他們正在看電視或電影時，會全神貫注於當中的情節，甚至沒覺察到自己四周正在發生的事情。
18	Some people find that they become so involved in a fantasy or daydream that it feels as though it were really happening to them.	有些人會發現，他們會深深沉浸在幻想或白日夢裡，覺得這好像是真實發生在自己身上。
19	Some people find that they sometimes are able to ignore pain.	有些人會發現，他們有時候能夠忽略疼痛的感覺。
20	Some people find that they sometimes sit staring off into space, thinking of nothing, and are not aware of the passage of time.	有些人會發現，他們有時候坐著發呆、什麽也沒想到，並且沒有意識到時間在流逝。
21	Some people sometimes find that when they are alone they talk out loud to themselves.	有些人有時候會發現，當他們獨自一人時會大聲地對自己說話。
22	Some people find that in one situation they may act so differently compared with another situation that they feel almost as if they were two different people.	有些人會發現，他們在某情境中的行為舉止與另一個情境中的行為舉止相比，可以有很大分別，感覺彷如是兩個不同的人。
23	Some people sometimes find that in certain situations they are able to do things with amazing ease and spontaneity that would usually be difficult for them (for example, sports, work, social situations, etc.).	有些人有時候會發現，在某些情況下，他們能夠毫不費勁、自然地做到一些平時覺得很難做的事情（例如：運動、工作、社交場合等等）。
24	Some people sometimes find that they cannot remember whether they have done something or have just thought about doing that thing (for example, not knowing whether they have just mailed a letter or have just thought about mailing it).	有些人有時發覺，他們不能記起是否曾經做過某件事情，抑或只是曾經想過做該件事情（例如：不知道是否曾經寄過一封信，抑或只是曾經想過去寄該封信）。
25	Some people find evidence that they have done things that they do not remember doing.	有些人會發現他們做過某些事情的證據，卻記不起自己曾做過這些事情。
26	Some people sometimes find writings, drawings, or notes among their belongings that they must have done but cannot remember doing.	有些人有時候，會在他們的財物之中發現肯定是自己做過的文稿、圖畫或筆記，卻無法記起自己曾做過這些東西。
27	Some people sometimes find that they hear voices inside their head that tell them to do things or comment on things that they are doing.	有些人有時候會發覺，他們聽到頭腦內有一些聲音叫自己去做某些事，或評論自己正在做的事情。
28	Some people sometimes feel as if they are looking at the world through a fog, so that people and objects appear far away or unclear.	有些人有時候會發覺，他們好像隔著一層霧來看世界，以至人和物件都顯得很遙遠或模糊。