A review of emerging strategies for incorporating climate change considerations into infrastructure planning, design, and decision making

Figures & data

Figure 1. Results of the web of science (WOS) search of keywords often used in combination to resilience showing the overlap of resulting articles.

Figure 2. Workflow of selecting the publications included in this study.

Table 1. Infrastructure sector and deliverables of selected studies.

	Grouped Articles
Area of Infrastructure Research	Stormwater (15), Urban Systems (10), Transportation (7), Green Infrastructure (7), Coastal Infrastructure (6), Power Infrastructure (2), Other (2)
Deliverables/Outcome	Assessment and Frameworks (12), Policy Analysis (11), Case Study Analysis (9), Review (4), Scenario Modelling (4), Other (9)

Figure 3. Annual publication trend and geographical distribution of 399 articles under the keyword climate change, infrastructure, resilience, and decision up to date of WOS search (March 2022).

Table 2. Dimensions of resilience assessment with description and respective literature examples.

Dimension of Assessment	Description	Examples
Spatial	Use of geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze resilience assessment metrics on various scales Enables comparison within organizational level (neighborhood, local, state, national) to identify priorities for infrastructure placement and adaptation Visualization of infrastructure locations (e.g., bridge), network (transportation or water) or community (neighborhood, city)	(Bertilsson et al., 2019; Gerges et al., 2022; Heinzlef et al., 2019; Kaaviya & Devadas, 2021; Lamaury et al., 2021)
Temporal	Using projected hazards or climate scenarios to assess infrastructure Some include different timelines of decisions, potentially measures regret and path dependency Mostly medium and long term (20 years or more), often same terms as climate predictions	Includes future climate scenarios (Espinet et al., 2017; Underwood et al., 2020)
Depth of Analysis	Utilization of different approaches to measure resilience: Comparison of hazards and exposure, inclusion of risk analysis and economic values (investment needed to adapt vs. costs of damages), comparison of different decision/hazard scenarios Communication of results through visualization, qualitative or quantitative resilience assessment matrices Utilization of community and stakeholder knowledge, web-applications, and software development Trend towards calculating a resilience value, quantifying resilience as potential to rebound	Evaluation of economics, comparing strategies, assessing regret and risk (Espinet et al., 2017), visualization, cascading effects, modelling what-if scenarios (Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia et al., 2020) Resilience rating factor based on multiple hazards and infrastructure parameters used to compare and prioritize infrastructure (Hsieh & Feng, 2020) Resilience rating factor between 0 and 1 for a larger system (Poo et al., 2021; Song et al., 2018)
(Model) Complexity, Interconnectedness	Model includes multiple infrastructure sectors, multiple hazards, or compound hazards/interconnectedness of infrastructure E.g., precipitation hazards impact multiple sectors, while one infrastructure sector gets impacted by multiple hazards	Multi-sector model (Gerges et al., 2022) Multi-Criteria model (Kaaviya & Devadas, 2021; Poo et al., 2021)
Data and Inputs for Assessment	Does the assessment framework include compound or multiple hazards? Does the assessment include high quality data, compare different data? Use of downscaled global or regional climate models, hazard models or empirical data	Includes different return periods for rainfall events to assess resilience of stormwater management system (Valizadeh et al., 2019) Multiple hazards and parameters (Poo et al., 2021)

Bertilsson, L., Wiklund, K., de Moura Tebaldi, I., Rezende, O. M., Veról, A. P., & Miguez, M. G. (2019). Urban flood resilience – A multi-criteria index to integrate flood resilience into urban planning. Journal of Hydrology, 573, 970–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2018.06.052

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Gerges, F., Nassif, H., Geng, X., Michael, H. A., & Boufadel, M. C. (2022). GIS-based approach for evaluating a community intrinsic resilience index. Natural Hazards, 111(2), 1271–1299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05094-w

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Heinzlef, C., Becue, V., & Serre, D. (2019). Operationalizing urban resilience to floods in embanked territories – Application in Avignon, Provence Alpes Côte d’azur region. Safety Science, 118, 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.05.003

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Kaaviya, R., & Devadas, V. (2021). Water resilience mapping of Chennai, India using analytical hierarchy process. Ecological Processes, 10, 71 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00341-1

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Lamaury, Y., Jessin, J., Heinzlef, C., & Serre, D. (2021). Operationalizing urban resilience to floods in island territories—application in Punaauia, French Polynesia. Water, 13(3), 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030337

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Espinet, X., Schweikert, A., & Chinowsky, P. (2017). Robust prioritization framework for transport infrastructure adaptation investments under uncertainty of climate change. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0000852

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Underwood, B. S., Mascaro, G., Chester, M. V., Fraser, A., Lopez-Cantu, T., & Samaras, C. (2020). Past and present design practices and uncertainty in climate projections are challenges for designing infrastructure to future conditions. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 26(3), 04020026. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000567

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Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, L. S., Chen, A. S., Khoury, M., Gibson, M. J., Kostaridis, A., Stewart, D., Wood, M., Djordjevic, S., & Savic, D. A. (2020). Assessing and visualising hazard impacts to enhance the resilience of Critical Infrastructures to urban flooding. Science of the Total Environment, 707, 136078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136078

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Hsieh, C.-H., & Feng, C.-M. (2020). The highway resilience and vulnerability in Taiwan. Transport Policy, 87, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.08.010

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Poo, M. C.-P., Yang, Z., Dimitriu, D., & Qu, Z. (2021). An advanced climate resilience indicator framework for airports: a UK case study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 101, 103099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103099

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song, K., You, S., & Chon, J. (2018). Simulation modeling for a resilience improvement plan for natural disasters in a coastal area. Environmental Pollution, 242, 1970–1980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.057

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Valizadeh, N., Shamseldin, A. Y., & Wotherspoon, L. (2019). Quantification of the hydraulic dimension of stormwater management system resilience to flooding. Water Resources Management, 33(13), 4417–4429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-019-02361-1

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