Molecular data suggest population expansion and high level of gene flow in the Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus; Nymphalidae: Danainae)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree constructed in BEAST software and Danaus petilia as the outgroup.

Figure 2. MJ – a network of the 24 D. chrysippus haplotypes reconstructed in NETWORK. Each circle represents haplotypes, and the diameter of the circle is approximately proportional to the number of samples present in the haplotypes. Colour represents the geographic locations of the haplotype.

Table 1. Mitochondrial diversity indices and neutrality tests values observed using COI gene of mtDNA genome in Danaus chrysippus (butterfly) from the present study and other published study.

S.No.	Loc.	N	S	Nh	Nucleotide diversity (π)	Haplotype diversity (h)	Tajima’s D	Fu’s Fs	References
1	Chaina, Taiwan	05	05	3	0.00445	0.70	−0.56199	0.804	–
2	Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar	07	05	5	0.00463	0.90	0.59446	−1.262	–
3	Southen India	04	03	3	0.00297	0.83	−0.75445	−0.288	–
4	Indonesia, Australia	10	05	3	0.00229	0.37	−1.38818	0.762	–
5	Pakistan	06	06	4	0.00475	0.80	−0.49605	−0.168	–
6	Philippines	06	05	4	0.00422	0.80	−0.14427	−0.382	–
7	Western India	06	07	5	0.00574	0.93	−0.37783	−1.372	–
8	Kenya, Uganda	04	11	3	0.01122	0.83	−0.55827	1.702	–
9	Togo, Korea, African, USA	06	18	5	0.01320	0.93	−0.95976	0.142	–
10	Present study	30	51	7	0.02336	0.86	−1.80377*	1.178*	–
	Overall	84	75	25	0.00933	0.90	−2.43622*	−9.497*	–
Comparison of diversity indices with other species
	Species
1	D.chrysippus	–	–		0.02336	0.86	–	–	Current study
2	Lopinga achine	–	–		0.00000	0.84	–	–	Ullasa et al. (2012)
3	Aglais urticae	–	–		0.01000	0.97	–	–
4	Melitaea cinxia	–	–		0.02000	0.95	–	–	Wahlberg and Saccheri (2007)
5	Mycalesis orseis	–	–		0.00200	0.75	–	–	Suzan et al. (2007)
6	Sitodiplosismosellana	–	–		0.01100	0.87	–	–	Hong et al. (2006)
7	Danaus plexippus	–	–		0.0007	0.46	–	–	Edward et al. (2017)

N = number of samples, S = segregation sites, Nh = number of haplotype diversity.

*Statically significant.

Table 2. Sequence divergence between the 10 populations of D. chrysippus.

Zone	A	B	I	C	D	E	H	F	G	J
Chaina, Taiwan (A)
Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar (B)	0.004
Togo, Korea, African, USA (I)	0.006	0.007
Southen India (C)	0.002	0.003	0.006
Indonesia, Australia (D)	0.004	0.003	0.007	0.004
Pakistan (E)	0.003	0.003	0.006	0.002	0.004
Kenya, Uganda (H)	0.008	0.008	0.010	0.008	0.006	0.008
Philippines (F)	0.005	0.003	0.007	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.009
Western India (G)	0.003	0.003	0.006	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.008	0.004
Uttarakhand India (J)	0.011	0.011	0.015	0.011	0.012	0.011	0.017	0.012	0.011	0.000

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