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Articles

On the earliest occurrence of Tolypella section Tolypella in the fossil record and the age of major clades in extant Characeae

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 23-33 | Received 25 May 2017, Accepted 05 Sep 2017, Published online: 20 Oct 2017

Figures & data

Figure 1. Geological map of the SE Garraf Massif with indication of the section studied (modified from Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya Citation2005).

Figure 1. Geological map of the SE Garraf Massif with indication of the section studied (modified from Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya Citation2005).

Figure 2. Stratigraphic section of Morro de Gos cape, with indication of the charophyte bed studied (horizontal bold arrow) and sedimentary cycles described in the text (vertical arrows at right of columns). Abbreviations: ml, marl; m, mudstone; w, wackestone; p, packstone.

Figure 2. Stratigraphic section of Morro de Gos cape, with indication of the charophyte bed studied (horizontal bold arrow) and sedimentary cycles described in the text (vertical arrows at right of columns). Abbreviations: ml, marl; m, mudstone; w, wackestone; p, packstone.

Figure 3. Charophytes from the upper Barremian–lower Aptian of the Garraf Massif. A. Clavator harrisii, lateral view of utricle; B. Atopochara trivolvis triquetra (advanced morphotype), lateral view of utricle; C. Globator maillardii trochiliscoides, lateral view of utricle; D. Globator maillardii biutricularis, lateral view of utricle; E–I. Tolypella sp. aff. T. grambastii subsp. arctica; E–G. lateral views of gyrogonite, H. apical view of gyrogonite, I. multipartite basal plate as seen from the inside of an empty gyrogonite.

Figure 3. Charophytes from the upper Barremian–lower Aptian of the Garraf Massif. A. Clavator harrisii, lateral view of utricle; B. Atopochara trivolvis triquetra (advanced morphotype), lateral view of utricle; C. Globator maillardii trochiliscoides, lateral view of utricle; D. Globator maillardii biutricularis, lateral view of utricle; E–I. Tolypella sp. aff. T. grambastii subsp. arctica; E–G. lateral views of gyrogonite, H. apical view of gyrogonite, I. multipartite basal plate as seen from the inside of an empty gyrogonite.

Figure 4. Phylogeny of extant characeans with ages of the main nodes as provided from fossils. The presently known fossil record of extant genera is marked with a bold line on the cladogram. Question marks at nodes indicate uncertainty in the age of the node. Phylogeny modified from Pérez et al. (Citation2014).

Figure 4. Phylogeny of extant characeans with ages of the main nodes as provided from fossils. The presently known fossil record of extant genera is marked with a bold line on the cladogram. Question marks at nodes indicate uncertainty in the age of the node. Phylogeny modified from Pérez et al. (Citation2014).

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