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Methods, Models, and GIS

Doing Public Participation on the Geospatial Web

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Pages 1030-1046 | Received 01 May 2014, Accepted 01 Jan 2016, Published online: 01 Jul 2016
 

Abstract

The emergence of Web 2.0, open source software tools, and geosocial networks, along with associated mobile devices and available government data, is widely considered to have altered the nature and processes of place-based digital participation. Considerable theorizing has been dedicated to the geographic version of Web 2.0, the geospatial Web (Geoweb). To assess the theories, we draw on four years of empirical work across Canada that considers the nature of public participation on the Geoweb. We are driven by the question of how easy or difficult it is to “do” Geoweb-enabled participation, particularly participation as envisioned by researchers such as Arnstein and planning practitioners. We consider how the Geoweb could transform methods by which citizens and nonprofit organizations communicate with the state on environmental issues that affect their lives. We conduct a meta-analysis of twelve research cases and derive new findings that reach across the cases on how the Geoweb obliges us to redefine and unitize participation. This redefinition reifies existing digital inequalities, blurs distinctions between experts and nonexperts, heterogenizes the state as an actor in the participation process, reassigns participation activities in a participation hierarchy, and distances participation from channels of influence.

Web 2.0,开放资源软件工具,以及地理社群网络的兴起,加上相关的移动设备和可及的政府数据, 被广泛地认为改变了以地方为基础的数码参与的本质及过程。已有大量的理论投入Web 2.0的地理版本,亦即地理空间网络(地理网络)。为了评估这些理论,我们运用在加拿大为期四年的经验性工作,该工作考量在“地理网络”上的公共参与的本质。我们受到“操作”由地理网络所促成的参与——特别是诸如研究者安思恬(Arnstein)和规划实务者所预想的参与——到底有多简单或困难此一问题所驱动。我们考量地理网络如何能够改变市民和非营利组织与国家沟通影响自身的环境议题之方法。我们对十二个研究案例进行后设分析,并从地理网络如何敦促我们重新定义并运用参与的各案例中推演出崭新的发现。此一再定义,具象化了既有的数码落差,模糊了专家与非专家之间的区别,将国家异质化为参与过程中的行动者,在参与位阶中重新分配参与活动,并将参与及影响的管道分离开来。

Generalmente se considera que con la aparición de la Web 2.0, herramientas de software de código abierto y redes geosociales, junto con los aparatos móviles asociados y la disponibilidad de datos gubernamentales, se ha alterado la naturaleza y procesos de participación digital basada en lugar. Una apreciable teorización se le ha dedicado a la versión geográfica de la Web 2.0, la Web geoespacial (Geoweb). Para evaluar las teorías, nos apoyamos en cuatro años de trabajo empírico a través del Canadá en el cual se toma en cuenta la naturaleza de la participación pública en la Geoweb. Nos sentimos atraídos por la cuestión sobre qué tan fácil o difícil es “hacer” participación activada por la Geoweb, en particular la participación concebida por investigadores como Arnstein y los profesionales en planificación. Consideramos el modo como la Geoweb podría transformar los métodos mediante los cuales los ciudadanos y las organizaciones sin ánimo lucrativo entran en comunicación con el estado sobre aquellos aspectos ambientales que afectan sus vidas. Llevamos a cabo un meta-análisis de doce casos de investigación y derivamos nuevos hallazgos que trascienden los casos sobre cómo la Geoweb nos obliga a redefinir y a unificar la participación. Esta redefinición reifica las desigualdades digitales existentes, desdibuja las distinciones entre expertos y quienes no lo son, heterogeneiza al estado como un actor en el proceso de participación, reasigna las actividades participativas en una jerarquía de participación y aleja la participación de los canales de influencia.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Renée E. Sieber

RENÉE E. SIEBER is an Associate Professor, jointly appointed in the Department of Geography and the School of Environment at McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests intersect social theory and software architectures, predominantly in the area of civic engagement in geospatial technologies.

Pamela J. Robinson

PAMELA J. ROBINSON is an Associate Professor in the School of Planning at Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research issues span urban sustainabilty, climate change, civic engagement and open government.

Peter A. Johnson

PETER A. JOHNSON is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Management at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2J 1W9, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include evaluating open data, the Geoweb and Internet mapping, and the constraints that might restrict adoption of technology in government.

Jon M. Corbett

JON M. CORBETT is an Associate Professor in the Community, Culture and Global Studies Department at the University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada and the director of the Spatial Information for Community Engagement (SpICE) Lab. E-mail: [email protected]. His research explores how representations of community knowledge using geographic information technologies can influence decision making and processes of social change.

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