1,320
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
People, Place, and Region

Grown Close to Home™: Migrant Farmworker (Im)mobilities and Unfreedom on Canadian Family Farms

Pages 716-730 | Received 01 Feb 2016, Accepted 01 Aug 2016, Published online: 10 Feb 2017
 

Abstract

Migrant farmworkers in Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) are bound by unfree labor relations. Migrants are employed by and live adjacent to Canadian family farms. Extending current research on Canada's SAWP, I specifically conceptualize the family farm as a locus of unfree labor relations. The article identifies how employers impose mobility controls around migrants' freedom to leave their workplaces, circumscribing where, how, and when migrants can circulate in Canadian communities. Growers use discourses and practices of paternal care and protection to justify these controls, revealing the familial features of employer–employee relationships. Harnessing a relational understanding of the family farm, I argue that worker (im)mobilities reveal key features of extant family farm relationships. Direct involvement by state officials and legal frameworks undergirding the SAWP effectively enable and sanction employer practices. Contributing to mobilities research, I identify how family farms exercise and directly benefit from state-sanctioned forms of power that allow them to restrict and regulate migrants' mobilities at localized levels. With relevance to both Canadian and U.S. contexts, the power to “fix” farm labor in place is highly desirable for family farms as a labor control mechanism. Material geographies of everyday (im)mobility help employers and states secure high levels of labor control from this low-wage migrant labor force. Arguments are based on qualitative research with fifteen migrant farmworkers employed on ten farms in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada, as well as additional interviews with sending government officials, local civil society, and growers.

加拿大季节性农业劳工计画 (SAWP) 中的迁徙农场工人, 受制于不自由的劳动关係。这些移民工受僱于加拿大的家庭农场, 并居住于农场周遭。我透过延伸目前对加拿大 SAWP 的研究, 特别将家庭农场概念化为不自由的劳动关係所在地。本文指认雇主如何在移民工离开工作场所的自由上施加流动性控制, 限制了移民工能够在加拿大社群中流通的地点、方式与时间。种植者运用家长照料与保护的论述及实践来合理化上述控制, 揭露出雇主—雇员关係的家庭特徵。我利用家庭农场的关係性理解, 主张工人的 (不) 流动性揭露出既有家庭农场关係的关键特徵。国家政府官员的直接涉入与支撑 SAWP 的法律架构, 有效促成并批准雇主的行为。我透过指认家庭农场如何运作并直接受益于让他们得以在地方层级限制并规范移民工能动性的国家许可之权力形式, 对流动性研究做出贡献。与加拿大和美国脉络同时相关的是, 在农场上 “修补” 农场劳动的权力, 是家庭农场高度合意的劳动控制机制。每日生活的 (不) 流动性的物质地理, 协助雇主与国家确保对低薪移民工的高度劳动控制。这些主张是根据在加拿大安大略省诺福克郡十座农场僱用的十五位农场移民工所进行的质性研究, 以及与派遣职务的政府官员、地方公民社会和种植者所进行的额外访谈。

Los trabajadores migratorios de granjas en el Programa del Trabajador Agrícola Estacional (SAWP) del Canadá están legalmente obligados por relaciones laborales irregulares. Los migrantes son empleados en granjas familiares canadienses y viven al lado de éstas. Extendiendo la actual investigación sobre el SAWP del Canadá, yo conceptualizo la granja familiar específicamente como el centro neurálgico de relaciones laborales irregulares. El artículo pone en evidencia el modo como los patronos imponen controles de movilidad a la libertad de los migrantes de dejar sus lugares de trabajo, prescribiendo dónde, cómo y cuándo aquellos pueden circular en las comunidades canadienses. Los cultivadores usan discursos y prácticas de cuidado y protección paternalistas para justificar esos controles, revelando una condición de familiaridad en las relaciones patrón–empleado. Asumiendo un entendimiento relacional de la granja familiar, arguyo que las (in)movilidades del trabajador revelan rasgos claves de las relaciones vigentes en las granjas familiares. La participación directa de funcionarios estatales y los marcos legales que respaldan el SAWP habilitan y sancionan efectivamente las prácticas de los empleadores. Contribuyendo a la investigación sobre movilidades, pongo de presente cómo en este caso las granjas familiares ejecutan y se benefician directamente de las formas de poder sancionadas por el estado, lo cual les permite restringir y regular las movilidades de los migrantes en niveles localizados. Con la relevancia que tiene para los contextos canadiense y americano, el poder de “fijar” el trabajo granjero en lugar es altamente deseado por las granjas familiares, como mecanismo de control laboral. Las geografías materiales de la (in)movilidad cotidiana ayudan a patronos y estados a asegurar altos niveles de control laboral en esta fuerza migratoria de trabajo que devenga salarios bajos. La argumentación está basada en investigación cualitativa entre quince trabajadores migrantes de granja empleados en diez granjas del Condado de Norfolk, Ontario, Canadá, lo mismo que en entrevistas adicionales entre agentes del gobierno, miembros de la sociedad civil local y cultivadores.

Notes

1. There were approximately 28,000 SAWP entrants Canada-wide in 2011, whereas Norfolk County's year-round population was 63,175 in 2011 (Grand Erie Immigration Partnership Citation2012).

2. Jamaican consular officials based in Canada are known as liaison officers.

3. This statement was in response to a survey question about car ownership among migrant farmworkers.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Emily Reid-Musson

EMILY REID-MUSSON is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Geography at the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. Her primary research interests include how low-wage workers juggle mobility in precarious employment contexts, labor geography, and legal exceptionalism in labor regulatory frameworks.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 312.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.