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Nature and Society

Beyond Inclusion and Exclusion: Community Gardens as Spaces of Responsibility

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Pages 666-681 | Received 01 Apr 2016, Accepted 01 Aug 2016, Published online: 13 Feb 2017
 

Abstract

Geographers have a sustained interest in urban community gardens because such spaces provide a meaningful lens to interrogate the complexities of living at the intersection of nature–society relationships. Most community gardens strive to perform the dual functions of reconnecting urban residents with nature and strengthening the community. More recently, in the context of neoliberal urban restructuring, community gardens have also been viewed as platforms for the mobilization of inclusive sociopolitical arrangements to counteract the ill effects of urban problems. Common to this literature is the implicit assumption that a good community garden must necessarily be inclusive or that, conversely, community gardens that are exclusionary are bad. We argue that framing community gardens as spaces of responsibility is another way to reengage with the epistemology of community gardens. Instead of only asking how, and to what extent, community gardens are inclusionary or exclusionary, we can augment our understanding of the realities of managing a garden by asking what responsibilities are associated with any given community garden. Among other things, the answer to this question requires one to trace the responsibilization process of gardeners. Through the case study of Singapore, we argue that responsibilization invariably engenders practices of inclusion and exclusion in community gardens. Framed thusly, we first move away from the reductive view that apparent exclusionary practices in a community garden render that garden to be normatively undesirable. Second, we can appreciate why many community gardens—even seemingly inclusive ones—have shades of exclusions embedded in them.

地理学者对于城市社区花园有着持续的兴趣,因为此般空间提供了一个具有意义的视角,探问在自然—社会关係相互交织处生活的复杂性。多半的社区花园,皆努力执行重新连结城市住民与自然以及强化社区的双重功能。最近在新自由主义城市再结构的脉络中,社区花园同时被视为动员具包容性的社会政治安排,以应对城市问题的有害效应之平台。此般文献共同之处在于隐含预设好的城市花园必须具备包容性,反之,具排他性的城市花园则是不好的。我们主张,将社区花园架构为责任空间,是重新涉入城市花园的认识论的其他方式。与其仅询问城市花园如何、以及在什麽程度上是包容或排除的,我们能够透过询问与任何给定的花园有关的责任为何,增进我们对于管理花园的现实之理解。在其他事物中,此一问题的答案需要我们追溯园丁的责任化过程。我们透过新加坡的案例研究,主张责任化过程无可避免地在社区花园中产生包容与排除的实践。透过此般架构方式,我们首先抛弃社区花园中明显的排除实践将该花园呈现为在规范上不受欢迎的化约观点。再者,我们能够领会为何诸多社区花园——尽管看似包容——仍埋藏了排除的阴影。

Los geógrafos siempre han estado interesados en las huertas de las comunidades urbanas porque tales espacios proveen una lente significativa para escudriñar las complejidades de vivir en la intersección de las relaciones naturaleza–sociedad. La mayoría de las huertas comunitarias se esfuerzan en desempeñar las funciones duales de reconectar los residentes urbanos con la naturaleza y de fortalecer la comunidad. Más recientemente, en el contexto de la reestructuración neoliberal urbana, las huertas comunitarias también han sido consideradas como plataformas para la movilización de arreglos sociopolíticos incluyentes que contrarresten secuelas dañinas de los problemas urbanos. Común en esta literatura es la implícita presunción de que una buena huerta comunitaria necesariamente debe ser inclusiva o que, a la inversa, las huertas comunitarias que sean exclusivistas son malas. Consideramos que enmarcar las huertas comunitarias como espacios de responsabilidad es otra manera de volver a comprometerse con la epistemología de las huertas comunitarias. En vez de meramente preguntarse cómo, y en qué medida, las huertas comunitarias son inclusivas o exclusivistas, podemos aumentar nuestra comprensión de las realidades del manejo de una huerta preguntando qué responsabilidades están asociadas con una huerta comunitaria determinada. Entre otras cosas, la respuesta a esta pregunta exige que uno trace el proceso de “responsabilización” de los hortelanos. Por medio del estudio de caso de Singapur, argüimos que la responsabilización invariablemente suscita prácticas de inclusión y exclusión en las huertas comunitarias. Adoptado ese marco, primero nos alejaremos de la visión reduccionista de que las prácticas aparentemente exclusivistas en una huerta comunitaria llevan a que la huerta sea normativamente indeseable. Segundo, podemos apreciar por qué muchas huertas comunitarias––aún aquellas aparentemente inclusivas––llevan matices de exclusiones incrustados en ellas.

Acknowledgments

We thank the editor, Professor James McCarthy, and three anonymous reviewers who provided constructive and critical comments that significantly strengthened the article. We also thank the Politics, Economies and Space (PEAS) research group at the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore for always giving us a nurturing space to conduct our research.

Note

Notes

1. CCs and RCs are both quasi-political apparatuses of the ruling party. RCs in particular are created to connect residents with one and another and with the government.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Harvey Neo

HARVEY NEO is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at the National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include animal geographies, green urban development, and geographies of food.

C. Y. Chua

C.Y. CHUA was a Graduate Student at the Department of Geography at the National University of Singapore and now teaches at Temasek Junior College. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include urban environment issues and geographical pedagogy.

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