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Nature and Society

Dimensions of Power in Regulatory Regime Selection: Shopping, Shaping, and Staying

Pages 849-866 | Received 01 May 2016, Accepted 01 Nov 2016, Published online: 28 Feb 2017
 

Abstract

This article investigates the process through which transnational firms select and develop sites for their operations. I build a framework to understand how firms' localization strategies not only entail a choice among regulatory regimes but how they also coproduce those regimes while responding to community resistance. My account is based on a multisited ethnography of two research and development hubs for the U.S. corn seed market. The genetically modified (GM) corn seed industry is an important (and somewhat unusual) case because firms' competitiveness hinges on staying in particular environments, rendering them relatively place-bound—which can be used by local actors as a negotiating tool for better environmental and labor arrangements. I compare two cases of firms' localization strategies—one (Hawaii) in which firms are confronted by local actors who question GM crop safety and another (Puerto Rico) in which firms face little local opposition and, in fact, are lauded as economic engines of development. My work shows that firms' success hinges on balancing a site's natural endowments with its sociopolitical and regulatory constraints. Contrasting approaches that view firms' localization as a single moment of decision making, I conceptualize localization as a multistep process of negotiating a regulatory regime with local institutions—not just shopping for the right environment but shaping it and actively taking actions to stay there. In proposing a power-sensitive approach to location and regulation theory, my work highlights sociohistorical patterns of inequality, contributing to our understanding of how corporate localization strategies affect local control over environmental governance.

本文探讨跨国企业选定并发展营运场所的过程。我建立一个架构来理解企业的在地化策略引发调节体制的选择, 以及它们在回应社群反抗时, 如何共同生产这些体制。我的论点是根据在美国玉米种子市场的两个研发中心从事的多重场域民族志研究。基因改造 (GM) 玉米种子产业是重要 (而且有些不太寻常) 的案例, 因为企业的竞争力, 取决于留在特定的环境中, 使得它们相对而言具地方导向——故可被地方行动者用来作为追求更好的环境与劳动安排的协商工具。我比较两个企业在地化策略之案例——一家企业 (夏威夷) 面临在地行动者质疑 GM 作物的安全性, 另一家企业 (波多黎各) 极少面临在地反抗, 且实际上被讚誉为发展的经济引擎。我的研究显示, 企业的成功取决于平衡场所的天然条件和社会政治与调节限制。与将企业在地化视为单一决策瞬间的观点不同的是, 我将在地化概念为与在地制度协商调节体制的多重步骤过程——不仅只是购入正确的环境, 更是形塑该环境并採取积极行动留在当地。透过提出对权力敏感的区位与调节理论取径, 我的研究强调不均的社会历史模式, 并对我们对于企业在地化策略如何影响地方对环境治理的控制之理解做出贡献。

Este artículo investiga el proceso a través del cual las firmas transnacionales escogen y desarrollan sitios para sus operaciones. Elaboro un marco para entender la manera como las estrategias de localización de las firmas no solo implican una escogencia entre regímenes reguladores sino también como intervienen en la producción de aquellos regímenes al tiempo que responden a la resistencia de la comunidad. Mi informe está fundamentado en una etnografía de pluralidad de sitios de dos focos de investigación y desarrollo para el mercado de semillas de maíz de los EE.UU. La industria de semillas de maíz genéticamente modificadas (GM) es un caso importante (y en cierta forma inusual) porque la competitividad de las firmas depende de estar ubicadas en ciertos entornos particulares, lo que las hace relativamente atadas al lugar–circunstancia que puede ser aprovechada por los actores locales como una herramienta de negociación para buscar mejores arreglos ambientales y laborales. Comparo los dos casos de estrategias de localización de firmas––uno (Hawai), en el que las firmas son confrontadas por actores locales que cuestionan la seguridad del cultivo de GM, y otro (Puerto Rico), en el que las firmas enfrentan poca oposición local y, por el contrario, son alabadas como motores económicos del desarrollo. Mi trabajo muestra que el éxito de las firmas gira alrededor del juego para balancear las dotes naturales de un sitio con sus inconvenientes sociopolíticos y normativos. En contraste con los enfoques que ven la localización de las firmas como una simple instancia en la toma de decisiones, yo conceptualizo la localización como un proceso de múltiples etapas con el que se trata de pactar un sistema regulador con instituciones locales––para no meramente comprar el entorno apropiado, sino para acondicionarlo y activamente ejercer acciones para permanecer allí. Al proponer un enfoque de localización y teoría de la regulación que sea sensible al poder, mi trabajo destaca patrones sociohistóricos de desigualdad, contribuyendo así a la comprensión sobre como afectan las estrategias corporativas de localización el control local sobre la gobernanza ambiental.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, the editor for his guidance, and Jane Collins for her insightful critiques. I take sole responsibility for any errors.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Dissertation Improvement Grant number 1334375; the Robert F. and Jean E. Holtz Center for Science & Technology Studies; the Latin American, Caribbean, and Iberian Studies Program at the University of Wisconsin–Madison; and the Graduate School and the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at the University of Wisconsin–Madison with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

Note

Notes

1. In the case of Puerto Rico, for simplicity, I use “state” to refer to the commonwealth government.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Annabel Ipsen

ANNABEL IPSEN is a Postdoctoral Research Assistant in the North Central Regional Center for Rural Development at Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests center on community development, environmental governance, and the political economy of agriculture.

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