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Articles

Volunteered Geographic Videos in Physical Geography: Data Mining from YouTube

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Pages 52-70 | Received 01 Jan 2017, Accepted 01 May 2017, Published online: 09 Aug 2017
 

Abstract

Volunteered geographic information and citizen science have advanced academic and public understanding of geographical and ecological processes. Videos hosted online represent a large data source that could potentially provide meaningful results for studies in physical geography—a concept we term volunteered geographic videos (VGV). Technological advances in image-capturing devices, computing, and image processing have resulted in increasingly sophisticated methods that treat imagery as raw data, such as resolving high-resolution topography with structure from motion or the calculation of surface flow velocity in rivers with particle image velocimetry. The ubiquitous nature of recording devices and citizens who share imagery online have resulted in a vast archive of potentially useful online videos. This article analyzes the potential for using YouTube videos for research in physical geography. We discuss the combination of suitability and availability that has made this possible and emphasize the distinction between moderately suitable imagery that can directly answer research questions and lower suitability imagery that can indirectly support a study. We present example case studies that address (1) initial considerations of using VGV, (2) topographic data extraction from a video taken after a landslide, and (3) data extraction from a video of a flash flood that could support a study of extreme floods and wood transport. Finally, we discuss both the benefits and complicating factors associated with VGV. The results indicate that VGV could be used to support certain studies in physical geography and that this large repository of raw data has been underutilized.

自发地理信息与公民科学, 促进了学术与大众对于地理及生态过程之理解。网路上的视频, 呈现出大型数据来源, 具有潜能对自然地理研究提供有意义的结果——一个我们称为自发地理视频 (VGVs) 的概念, 捕捉影像的设备、计算与影像处理之科技进步, 导致了将影像视为原始数据的逐渐精密之方法, 诸如分辨具动态结构的高辨识率地形, 或着以粒子成像测速技术计算河面流速。录像设备以及在网上分享影像的公民无所不在, 形成了具有潜在用处的广大网路视频资料库。本文分析在自然地理中运用 YouTube 视频进行研究的潜能。我们探讨使之成为可能的适切性与可及性之结合, 并强调区分可直接回答研究问题的中等适切影像, 以及间接支持研究的低适切度影像。我们呈现应对以下议题的案例研究: (1) 运用VGVs 的初步考量; (2) 土石流过后的录像中的地形数据取得; 以及 (3) 能够支持极端洪泛与木材运送研究的暴洪录像之数据取得。我们最后同时探讨与 VGV 相关的益处与复杂化的因素。研究结果显示, VGV能够用来支持自然地理中的若干研究, 且此一原始数据的大型储存库尚未被充分利用。

La información geográfica voluntaria y la ciencia ciudadana han hecho avanzar la comprensión académica y pública de los procesos geográficos y ecológicos. Los videos que se acogen online representan una gran fuente de datos que potencialmente podría proporcionar resultados significativos en estudios de geografía física ––concepto que nosotros expresamos como videos geográficos voluntarios (VGVs). Los avances tecnológicos en aparatos para captura de imágenes, computación y procesamiento de imágenes han dado lugar a métodos cada vez más sofisticados que tratan las imágenes como datos crudos, por ejemplo, resolviendo topografía de alta resolución con estructura de movimiento o el cálculo de la velocidad del flujo superficial de los ríos con velocimetría de las imágenes de partículas. El carácter ubicuo de los aparatos de grabación y de los individuos que comparten imágenes online ha resultado en un vasto archivo de videos online potencialmente útiles. Este artículo analiza el valor potencial de usar los videos de YouTube para investigación en geografía física. Discutimos la combinación de utilidad y disponibilidad que ha hecho posible esto y hacemos énfasis sobre la distinción entre imágenes moderadamente apropiadas que directamente pueden absolver preguntas de investigación y las imágenes de utilidad más baja que solo pueden apoyar un estudio de manera indirecta. Presentamos estudios de caso a manera de ejemplos que abocan (1) las consideraciones iniciales de usar VGVs, (2) la extracción de datos topográficos de un video tomado después de un derrumbe, y (3) la extracción de datos del video de una inundación intempestiva, que pueden ayudar en un estudio sobre inundaciones extremas y transporte de troncos. Finalmente, discutimos los beneficios y factores de complicación asociados con los VGV. Los resultados indican que los VGV pueden usarse como apoyo en cierto tipo de estudios de geografía física y que este gran repositorio de dataos crudos ha sido subutilizado.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to those who responded to our inquiries to use their videos and are particularly indebted to Mike Jach, Jason Rolfe, and Ben Johnson. We also thank the editor and anonymous reviewers who greatly increased the quality of the article.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher's website.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Quinn W. Lewis

QUINN W. LEWIS is a PhD Candidate at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests are centered on advancement of fluvial geomorphology and water resources through innovative fieldwork, with a focus on interdisciplinary approaches to complex problems.

Edward Park

EDWARD PARK is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Geography and the Environment at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on fluvial geomorphology of tropical South America and Southeast Asia.

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