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Articles

Black Sand and the Red Court: Scalar Politics of a Mining Conflict in the Philippines

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Pages 1006-1023 | Received 01 Jul 2017, Accepted 01 May 2018, Published online: 08 Mar 2019
 

Abstract

This article presents a case study of a dispute over magnetite mining in the Municipality of Gonzaga in the Philippines that culminated in the assassination of the town’s mayor by the New People’s Army (NPA) insurgency. Drawing on the analysis of qualitative data compiled from key informant interviews, survey responses, and document review, it examines the deployment of scalar politics by local politicians, antimining activists, and the NPA during the conflict. Results suggest that failures of resource governance, in conjunction with grievances related to the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of mining, created opportunities for the NPA to forge alliances with local civilian networks and propagate its revolutionary narrative. The findings offer generalizable insights regarding the role of natural resources in shaping vulnerability to, risk of, and opportunity for armed conflict, as well as the mechanisms by which local conflicts can become entangled with broader patterns of civil violence. In particular, it is argued that the multiple overlapping scalar configurations that define extractive industry create unique opportunities for political actors to engage in “scale jumping” to challenge established power structures. Key Words: natural resources and civil conflict, political ecology, scale, scale jumping.

本文呈现在菲律宾刚萨加市的磁铁矿採矿冲突之案例研究,该冲突随着该城镇的市长被新人民军(NPA)叛变暗杀后达到高峰。本文对主要的受访者、调查回覆和档案回顾集结而成的质性数据进行分析,以检视地方政治人物、反採矿倡导人士、以及NPA在冲突中运用的尺度政治。研究结果显示,资源治理的失败,加上对採矿的环境及社会经济冲击的不满,为NPA创造了与地方公民网络建立联盟并传播其革命叙事的机会。研究发现提供了有关自然资源在形塑对武装冲突的脆弱性、武装冲突的风险,以及武装冲突的机会的可普遍化之洞见,以及地方冲突能与更广阔的公民暴力模式相互纠结的机制。本文特别主张,定义榨取产业的多重相互交叠的尺度结构,为政治行动者创造了涉入“尺度跳跃”以挑战建置的权力结构之独特契机。关键词:自然资源和公民冲突,政治生态学,尺度,尺度跳跃。

Este artículo presenta un estudio de caso relacionado con una disputa sobre la minería de magnetita en la Municipalidad de Gonzaga, en las Filipinas, que culminó en el asesinato del alcalde del pueblo por la insurgencia del Ejército del Nuevo Pueblo (NPA). Co base en el análisis de datos cualitativos compilados de entrevistas con informantes claves, respuestas a estudios y revisión de documentos, el artículo examina el despliegue de políticas escalares durante el conflicto por los políticos locales, los activistas contra la minería y el NPA. Los resultados sugieren que los tropiezos de la gobernanza de los recursos, en conjunción con las quejas relacionadas con los impactos ambientales y socioeconómicos de la minería, crearon oportunidades para el NPA de lograr alianzas con las redes civiles locales y propagar su narrativa revolucionaria. Los hallazgos ofrecen perspicacias generalizables en relación con el papel de los recursos naturales en configurar la vulnerabilidad al conflicto armado, y el riesgo y oportunidad para el mismo, lo mismo que los mecanismos por medio de los cuales los conflictos locales pueden enredarse con los patrones más amplios de la violencia civil. En particular, se arguye que el múltiple solapamiento de las relaciones escalares que definen la industria extractiva crean oportunidades únicas entre los actores políticos de comprometerse en un “salto de escala” para desafiar las estructuras de poder establecidas. Palabras clave: ecología política, escala, recursos naturales y conflicto civil, salto de escala.

Acknowledgments

I express my sincere thanks to Martha Geores for her guidance throughout this research. I am also grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their many insightful comments and suggestions.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Joshua Wayland

JOSHUA WAYLAND is a Doctoral Candidate in Geographical Sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include natural resource conflicts, environmental impact assessments, and sustainable development.

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