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The Environment and Environmental Degradation

Ruins of the Anthropocene: The Aesthetics of Arctic Climate Change

Pages 921-931 | Received 07 Dec 2019, Accepted 01 Jun 2020, Published online: 10 Dec 2020
 

Abstract

In the Anthropocene, ruin appreciation is shifting its focus from crumbling architecture to the deteriorating planet. Whereas Romantic and modern ruin gazing privileged nature’s reconquest of the built environment, now, the carbon-intensive infrastructures of global capitalism are turning nature itself to ruin. By critiquing popular representations of the melting Arctic—a visual trope within Anthropocene aesthetics involving images of shrinking icebergs, melting glaciers, and drowning polar bears—this article explicates how both conceptions of ruins and actual, material processes of ruination are shifting away from manmade infrastructure toward the natural environment. I argue that ruins in the Anthropocene are distinct in that natural ruins, especially icy ones, will not persist on the landscape, particularly as environmental degradation accelerates and is upscaled to encompass entire regions like the Arctic, if not the whole planet. By applying Romantic aesthetic principles, I critique the two dominant categories of representations of the current geological epoch: the picturesque and the sublime. As with Romantic and modern ruin iconography, depictions of Anthropocene ruins harness these elements to induce feelings of awe, melancholy, and resignation. These reactions might now be more problematic, however, because helplessness and passive voyeurism could inhibit action on climate change. I thus conclude that refocusing the Anthropocene gaze on the third aesthetic principle—the beautiful, which emphasizes the tangible and comprehensible—might be more conducive to transforming aesthetics into action and fostering an effective rather than affective ethics of planetary care and stewardship.

在人类世, 损毁的研究正从建筑损毁转移到地球的恶化。浪漫和现代的损毁首先关注自然对人类环境的再征服。目前, 全球资本主义的碳基础设施, 正在损坏自然本身。通过对流行的北极融雪表述(人类世审美学的可视化比喻, 包括冰盖缩小、冰川融化和北极熊被淹等图像)的批判, 本文详细分析了损毁的概念及其物理过程, 是如何从人造基础设施转移到自然环境的。本文认为, 人类世的损毁是独特的, 特别是当环境退化加剧、其范围扩大到区域(假如不是整个地球)尺度(例如北极)的时候, 自然的损毁(特别是冰)在景观上不能持久存在。通过采用浪漫审美原则, 本文批判了现今地质时期的两种主流表现类型:优美和崇高。采用浪漫和现代的损毁象征手法去描述人类世的损毁, 可以综合这些元素, 从而产生敬畏、忧郁和顺从的情感。然而, 由于无助和被动式窥视可能会阻碍气候变化的行为, 所以这些反应可能更有问题。本文的结论是, 把人类世的专注点转移到第三审美原则(美丽, 侧重有形的和可理解的), 可能会更容易地把审美转化为行动, 从而培育有效的、而不是感情上的关护和管理地球的道德观。

La apreciación que se tiene de la ruina en el Antropoceno está cambiando su enfoque de una arquitectura a punto de desmoronarse a la de un planeta en deterioro. En tanto la contemplación romántica y moderna de las ruinas privilegiaba la conquista del entorno construido por la naturaleza, ahora, las infraestructuras intensivas en términos del carbono del capitalismo global están llevando a la propia naturaleza a la ruina. Al criticar las representaciones populares del Ártico en descongelamiento––un tropo visual dentro de la estética antropocénica que incluye imágenes de icebergs en deshielo, glaciares en retroceso y osos polares ahogándose––este artículo explica cómo ambas concepciones de la ruina, y los actuales procesos materiales de arruinamiento, se están alejando de la infraestructura antrópica hacia el medio ambiente natural. Sostengo que las ruinas del Antropoceno son distintas en cuanto las ruinas naturales, especialmente las glaciales, no persistirán en el paisaje, en particular a medida que se acelere la degradación ambiental y se suba de escala para incluir regiones enteras como el Ártico, si no a todo el planeta. Aplicando principios estéticos románticos, critico las dos categorías dominantes de representaciones de la actual época geológica: la pintoresca y la sublime. Como ocurre con la iconografía romántica y moderna de las ruinas, las representaciones de las ruinas del Antropoceno aprovechan estos elementos para inducir sentimientos de asombro, melancolía y resignación. Sin embargo, estas reacciones podrían ser ahora más problemáticas, debido a que la impotencia y el voyerismo pasivo podrían inhibir las acciones sobre cambio climático. Por eso concluyo que reenfocar la apreciación del Antropoceno sobre el tercer principio estético––lo bello, que enfatiza lo tangible y lo comprensible––podría ser más conducente a transformar lo estético en acción y a estimular un cuidado y una administración planetaria más efectiva que afectiva.

Notes

1 The second form she distinguished, restorative nostalgia, emphasized “nostos (returning home) and proposes to rebuild the lost home and patch up the memory gaps” (Boym Citation2001, 41). In the context of climate change, restorative nostalgia manifests in efforts such as the pursuit of geoengineering fixes to restore the ice cap.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Mia M. Bennett

MIA M. BENNETT is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and School of Modern Languages & Cultures (China Studies Program), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research critiques the politics of development in regions commonly thought of as frontiers, namely, the Arctic.

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