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Articles

Patterns of Multidimensional Poverty in the United States

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Pages 387-407 | Received 01 Aug 2021, Accepted 07 Apr 2023, Published online: 06 Nov 2023
 

Abstract

The accurate accounting of where and for whom deprivations occur is fundamental to addressing poverty. In the United States, the official poverty measure considers only a person’s income, although poverty is increasingly understood internationally as a set of multiple, interlinked deprivations. This article introduces a decomposable multidimensional poverty (MDP) measure that addresses these shortcomings by using thirteen American Community Survey microdata indicators to identify education, health, housing, and economic security deprivations for individuals. In 2017, the national poverty rate was 13.7 percent when measured using MDP and 13.1 percent using official poverty. Although similar at the national scale, Hispanic, Asian, and older persons had higher poverty rates using the multidimensional measure, whereas Black and young persons had higher rates when using official poverty. MDP tended to be higher than official poverty in dense urban areas, whereas official poverty tended to be higher in rural areas. Further, MDP was a stronger correlate with COVID-19 death rates than official poverty through the first three waves of the pandemic. The design of MDP recognizes that individuals can experience poverty in different ways and provides a more holistic view of people and places.

解决贫困问题的关键是对匮乏地区和人群的准确描述。国际上越来越多地将贫困理解为一系列多重的、相互关联的匮乏。然而, 美国官方贫困指标只考虑个人收入。为了解决这些缺陷, 本文介绍一种可分解的多维贫困(MDP)衡量指标, 通过美国社区调查微观数据的13个指数, 来确定个人水平的教育、健康、住房和经济保障匮乏。2017年, 基于MDP的全国贫困率为13.7%, 而官方全国贫穷率为13.1%。尽管这两种指标在全国尺度上具有相似性, 基于多维指标的西班牙裔、亚裔和老年人贫困率更高, 而基于官方贫困指标的黑人和年轻人贫穷率更高。在人口密集的城市地区, MDP往往高于官方贫困, 而农村地区的官方贫困往往更高。在新冠肺炎的前三波疫情中, MDP与新冠肺炎死亡率的相关性比官方贫困更高。MDP使我们知道个体贫困有不同的方式, MDP还提供了对人口和地理位置的更全面认知。

Las cuentas exactas sobre dónde y para quién ocurren las privaciones son fundamentales para abordar la cuestión de la pobreza. La medida oficial de la pobreza en Estados Unidos solamente tiene en cuenta el ingreso de una persona, aunque internacionalmente la pobreza se entiende cada vez más como un conjunto múltiple de privaciones entrelazadas. Este artículo presenta una medida de pobreza multidimensional (MDP) desglosable que aborda estas deficiencias por medio de trece indicadores de microdatos de la Encuesta sobre la Comunidad Americana, con los cuales identificar las privaciones en educación, salud, vivienda y seguridad económica de los individuos. En 2007, la tasa nacional de pobreza fue de 13.7 por ciento, cuando se la midió usando la MDP, y del 13.1 por ciento, usando la metodología oficial sobre pobreza. Aunque similares a la escala nacional, los hispanos, asiáticos y las personas de edad avanzada registraron tasas de pobreza más altas cuando se usó la medida multidimensional, en tanto que las personas negras y los jóvenes tuvieron tasas más altas cuando se utilizó la medida oficial de la pobreza. La MDP tuvo la tendencia a ser mayor que los registros oficiales de pobreza en las densas zonas urbanas, mientras que los registros oficiales de pobreza tendieron a ser más altos en las áreas rurales. Aún más, la MDP fue un correlato más fuerte de las tasas de mortalidad por COVID-19 que la pobreza oficial durante los primeros embates de la pandemia. El diseño de la MDP reconoce que los individuos pueden experimentar la pobreza de maneras diferentes, y provee una visión más holística de la gente y de los lugares.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 SSI is an indicator for two dimensions because eligibility for this federal program depends on both health and economic hardship for the younger population. This means that fifteen- to sixty-four-year-old SSI recipients are identified as being in MDP based on a single indicator.

2 PUMA to MSA crosswalk from IPUMS USA (University of Minnesota). SPM adjustments from the U.S. Census Bureau.

3 We also conducted the analysis using 2019 ACS data. There were slightly stronger correlations between COVID-19 outcomes and official poverty and MDP, but the substantive findings were unchanged.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

David C. Folch

DAVID C. FOLCH is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011. E-mail: [email protected]. His research combines geocomputation and large data sets to understand small area demographic change.

Matthew Laird

MATTHEW LAIRD is a Student in the Department of Economics at Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on the political economy of poverty and use of data to drive policy interventions.

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