Figures & data
Figure 1 Rigid arm with end effector and guide tube for direct transpedicular drilling, and screw insertion. Yellow star: End-effector; Red star: Instrument guide tube; Green star: Intraoperative CT (ICT) reference frame.
Figure 2 Transpedicular screw insertion with instruments registered to the robotic system.
Figure 3 A. Preoperative lateral radiograph demonstrating degenerative L4-L5 spondylolisthesis. B. Intraoperative 3D cone-beam CT demonstrating ideal screw placement. C. Post-operative AP radiograph. D. Post-operative lateral radiograph.
