Figures & data
Figure 1. VR-CMTT application scenario.
Figure 2. Division of system functional modules.
Figure 3. AABBs at different levels in BVH.
Table 1. PBD algorithm.
Table 2. Fluid simulation algorithm based on PBD.
Figure 4. Blood simulation effect based on obi fluid plug-in: (A) particle rendering; (B) fluid rendering; (C) blood effect in scene.
Figure 5. Assessment process of CMF trauma treatment: (A) find the wounded; (B) move the casualty to a safe environment; (C) remove foreign bodies in the respiratory tract; (D) insert ventilation; (E) hemostasis; (F) extract cerebrospinal fluid; (G) judged there is cerebrospinal fluid leakage or not; (H) reduction of fracture; (I) evacuation.
Figure 6. The main process of the pre-hospital treatment of CMF trauma.
Figure 7. Responses to the questions regarding the content of the VR-CMTT system: (A) the CMF trauma treatment process is shown accurately in this application; (B) all the steps of the CMF trauma treatment are covered in this application; (C) the order of steps in CMF trauma treatment are not shown correctly; (D) I could clearly see the benefit of videos in training; (E) I could see how 3D videos are better than conventional 2D videos; (F) I found the virtual environment of battlefield scene useful; (G) interacting with the pre-surgical data was beneficial; (H) the menu scene showing all steps is useful for trainees to remember the sequence.
Figure 8. Responses to the questions regarding the quality of the anatomy in the application: (A) the anatomy of the skull shown in the VR-CMTT system application is accurate; (B) the blood vessels shown in the VR-CMTT system are accurate; (C) the 3D models resemble the real life anatomy realistically in their appearance; (D) it is necessary to have this aspect of anatomy interaction in the application.
Figure 9. Responses to the questions regarding the applicability of the VR-CMTT system to the curriculum: (A) I found this application interesting; (B) I think this application will be useful for teaching trainees regarding the rescue of CMF injuries; (C) addition of virtual reality application like the VR-CMTT system to the training will be beneficial for surgical trainees; (D) I think this application will enhance the understanding of surgical trainees regarding the rescue of CMF injuries; (E) I think this application will increase the confidence of surgical trainees before they perform a real surgery on the battlefield; (F) I see this application more like an adjunct than a necessary tool for studies; (G) I want to see more first aid surgical procedures developed into the VR-CMTT system.
Figure 10. Responses to the questions regarding the usability of the VR-CMTT system: (A) I found the headset comfortable to wear throughout the application; (B) I found the quality of audio to be excellent; (C) I found the quality of the videos to be excellent; (D) I could interact with the user interface as I expected; (E) I could touch the virtual objects appropriately; (F) I could not track my hands in the application accurately; (G) I could look around the battlefield comfortably without any discomfort; (H) I did not experience nausea, dizziness or headache using the VR-CMTT system; (I) It was comfortable to use the VR-CMTT system.
