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Original Articles

Sub-clinical neuromuscular dysfunction after envenoming by Merrem’s hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale)

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Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of 18 patients with H. hypnale envenoming.

Figure 1. Comparison on median jitter of 18 patients with H. hypnale envenoming (HNV) and 29 normal subjects. Envenomed patients have higher mean and median jitter values compared to normal subjects (*p < 0.05, Mann Whitney test).

Figure 1. Comparison on median jitter of 18 patients with H. hypnale envenoming (HNV) and 29 normal subjects. Envenomed patients have higher mean and median jitter values compared to normal subjects (*p < 0.05, Mann Whitney test).

Figure 2. Stimulated single-fibre electromyography recordings of the orbicularis oculi muscle of a patient with H. hypnale envenoming. (a) superimposed and (b) non-superimposed recordings of a fibre with a MCD of 56.01 μs in a patient who had a mean jitter of 41.04 μs, recorded 29 hours after the bite. (c) Superimposed and (d) non-superimposed recordings of a fibre with a MCD of 6.36 μs in the same patient who had a mean jitter of 15.12 μs, recorded six weeks after the bite.

Figure 2. Stimulated single-fibre electromyography recordings of the orbicularis oculi muscle of a patient with H. hypnale envenoming. (a) superimposed and (b) non-superimposed recordings of a fibre with a MCD of 56.01 μs in a patient who had a mean jitter of 41.04 μs, recorded 29 hours after the bite. (c) Superimposed and (d) non-superimposed recordings of a fibre with a MCD of 6.36 μs in the same patient who had a mean jitter of 15.12 μs, recorded six weeks after the bite.

Figure 3. Comparison of the MCD of the sampled fibres during the hospital admission following the snake bite and six weeks after the snakebite of three patients (Patients A, B, and C) who had higher jitter values compared to the normal subjects, following the snakebite (*p < 0.05, Mann Whitney test).

Figure 3. Comparison of the MCD of the sampled fibres during the hospital admission following the snake bite and six weeks after the snakebite of three patients (Patients A, B, and C) who had higher jitter values compared to the normal subjects, following the snakebite (*p < 0.05, Mann Whitney test).

Table 2. The pooled jitter values recorded by stimulated concentric needle EMG of 18 patients with H. hypnale envenoming and 29 normal subjects.