Evaluation of an interdisciplinary chronic pain program and predictors of readiness for change

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample demographics.

	Years ± SD
Age	49.88 ± 13.55
Time since pain	12.88 ± 13.35
Time since work	7.35 ± 6.47
	% (N)
Place of birth—Canada	72.1 (93)
Gender—Female	73.6 (95)
Employment status
Employed	23.3 (30)
Unemployed	19.4 (25)
Retired	18.6 (24)
Homemaker	1.6 (2)
Student	1.6 (2)
Ethnicity
Caucasian	62.0 (80)
Asian	0.8 (1)
Black	3.9 (5)
Latin American	0.8 (1)
West/East Indian	3.1 (4)
First Nations	3.1 (4)
Education
Elementary	1.6 (2)
High school	26.4 (34)
Some college/university	16.3 (21)
Graduate college/university	34.1 (44)
Postgraduate degree	7.8 (10)

Table 2. Correlations.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Pain	—
TSK	0.26*	—
PCS	0.37**	0.50**	—
PSEQ	−0.40**	−0.24*	−0.47**	—
Precontemplation	0.23*	0.54**	0.35**	−0.23*	—
Contemplation	−0.08	−0.12	−0.04	0.27*	−0.24*	—
Action	−0.15	−0.07	−0.25*	0.31**	−0.29**	0.32**	—
Maintenance	−0.10	−0.13	−0.23*	0.34**	−0.18	0.13	0.59**	—

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). All values are from scores at admission.

Pain = average pain intensity, TSK = total score on the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; PCS = total score on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PSEQ = total score on the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; Precontemplation, Contemplation, Action, and Maintenance = average subscale scores on the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire.

Table 3. Paired sample t-tests comparing changes in outcomes pre- and postprogram.

	Preprogram			Postprogram
	Mean	SD	Chronbach’s alpha	Mean	SD	Chronbach’s alpha	t	P	Effect size (Cohen’s d)	Range
Average pain	5.95	1.85	0.70	5.83	1.83	0.68	0.91	0.37	0.07	Small
Pain-related interference (PDI)	41.54	13.07	0.85	38.82	13.14	0.85	2.46	0.02*	0.21	Small
Fear of pain/re-injury (TSK)	29.62	6.78	0.86	27.06	6.78	0.86	3.88	<0.01**	0.38	Small
Pain catastrophizing (PCS)	24.69	12.30	0.95	20.96	13.04	0.95	4.01	<0.01**	0.29	Small
Illness-focused coping (CPCI)	4.62	1.46	0.70	4.37	1.42	0.67	1.77	0.08	0.18	Small
Wellness-focused coping (CPCI)	3.51	1.45	0.77	4.33	1.24	0.72	−6.08	<0.01**	0.61	Medium
Depression (DASS-21)	7.91	5.31	0.92	6.26	4.95	0.88	3.75	<0.01**	0.32	Small
Anxiety (DASS-21)	6.26	4.80	0.81	5.53	4.69	0.78	2.33	0.02*	0.15	Small
Stress (DASS-21)	10.24	5.22	0.88	8.61	4.69	0.84	3.33	<0.01**	0.33	Small
Precontemplation (PSOCQ)	2.69	0.73	0.78	2.38	0.68	0.77	4.45	<0.01**	0.44	Small
Contemplation (PSOCQ)	3.98	0.50	0.83	3.85	0.52	0.80	2.33	0.02*	0.24	Small
Action (PSOCQ)	3.55	0.58	0.70	4.00	0.59	0.82	−6.83	<0.01**	0.76	Medium
Maintenance (PSOCQ)	3.33	0.68	0.81	3.97	0.59	0.86	−8.09	<0.01**	0.99	Large
Pain self-efficacy (PSEQ)	26.54	12.28	0.90	32.00	12.56	0.92	−5.71	<0.01**	0.44	Small

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

PDI = Pain Disability Index; TSK = Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; PCS = Pain Catastrophizing Scale; CPCI = Chronic Pain Coping Inventory; DASS-21 = Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; PSOCQ = Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire; PSEQ = Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.

Table 4. Regressions predicting pain stages of change.

	Pain	TSK	PCS	PSEQ
Precontemplation (F = 4.80, R^2 = 0.24, P < 0.01**)	β = −0.11, P = 0.36	β = 0.52, P < 0.01**	β = −0.20, P = 0.16	β = −0.21, P = 0.12
Contemplation (F = 2.66, R^2 = 0.15, P = 0.04*)	β = 0.12, P = 0.39	β = −0.22, P = 0.13	β = 0.12, P = 0.43	β = −0.39, P < 0.01**
Action (F = 2.87, R^2 = 0.17, P = 0.03*)	β = −0.04, P = 0.78	β = −0.16, P = 0.26	β = −0.14, P = 0.37	β = 0.34, P = 0.02*
Maintenance (F = 4.56, R^2 = 0.24, P < 0.01**)	β = 0.04, P = 0.74	β = −0.09, P = 0.48	β = 0.03, P = 0.82	β = 0.49, P < 0.01**

*Regression is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). **Regression is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

Pain = average pain intensity score; TSK = Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; PCS = Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PSEQ = Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.