Risk factors for severe opioid-induced respiratory depression in hospitalized adults: A case–control study

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample demographic and clinical characteristics

Variable	Cases (n = 133)	Controls (n = 133)	Total (n = 266)	Statistical comparison between groups
Age (median, range)	73 (19–96)	65 (20–97)	—	Mann-Whitney = 6689.50, P = 0.001
Reason for admission (n)				χ^2 = 10.24, P = 0.176
Orthopedic	29	28	57
Cardiac	24	29	53
Cancer	27	17	44
Gastrointestinal/genitourinary	20	23	43
Neurologic	12	11	23
Pulmonary	10	8	18
Elective surgery	6	2	8
Other	5	15	20
Medical context (n)				χ^2 = 0.031, P = 0.859
Acute care	114	115	229
Critical care	19	18	37
Medical error (n)				χ^2 = 228.17, P < 0.001
Incorrect dose	11	11	22
Incorrect route	3	3	6
Incorrect drug	1	4	5
Without prescription	2	1	3
Incorrect patient	1	—	1
Incorrect drug and route	1	—	1
Discontinued	1	1	2
Equianalgesia in milligrams of morphine per os over 24 h (median, range)	50 (1.25–2550)	50 (5–480)	—	Mann-Whitney = 8637.50, P = 0.741

Figure 1. Participant flow diagram

Figure 2. Distribution of patients according to the occurrence of risk factors (i.e., respiratory, cardiac, renal, hepatic, first 24 h of opioids, and CNS depressants)

Figure 3. Distribution of case and control patients according to age groups